Eliot s Poetry Of A Divided Mind - 2445 Words

â€Å"Lips that would kiss | Form prayers to broken stone.† To what extent and in what ways is Eliot’s poetry testament to a divided mind? W.B. Yeats famously said that poetry was born from a â€Å"quarrel with ourselves,† and Faulkner later added in his Nobel Prize Speech that good writing comes only from â€Å"the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself.† These insights are no more apt than when applied to the poetry of T.S. Eliot. Exploding onto the poetic scene in 1915, Eliot and his friend Ezra Pound were at the forefront of the modernist movement. They reacted strongly against the traditional techniques of the Georgians and others who came before them, who seemed to the modernists to be attempting to represent the modern world in a†¦show more content†¦In his essay Tradition and the Individual Talent (1919) Eliot controversially argues that â€Å"The emotion of art is impersonal,† and claims: â€Å"Impressions and experiences which are important for the man may take no place in the poetry.† And yet, ironically, his poetry is littered with impressions and experiences that were important to him: the similarities between Emily Hale and the lady in Portrait of a Lady; the references to his friend Jean Verdenal in The Waste Land; and the later reference to Margate Sands, where Russell and Eliot’s wife went on holiday, all demonstrate the personal nature of Eliot’s verse. Furthermore, Eliot later admitted that he was somewhat obnoxious in his earlier essays. He writes about Dante’s work that we â€Å"cannot afford to ignore Dante’s philosophical and theological beliefs.† Thus, we can infer that the beliefs and the quarrels within Eliot’s poems are beliefs and quarrels that he felt within himself. In Eliot’s first poems, his mind seems to be focused largely on the conflict between a romantic and a realist view of life, if by romanticism we mean the hope of something better. Influenced by the anti-romantic teachings of Irving Babbitt, a Professor at Harvard, Eliot’s secular poems explore the possibility of a romantic or idealist worldview, which is then denied. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is a perfect example, and indeed the â€Å"you and I† of the first line can be interpreted as the two dimensions of Prufrock’s character, the

The Stigma Of The Transgender Community - 848 Words

As the title of the article states, this report discusses the stigma towards the Transgender community and the results of intervention. Through out the article stigma, within our society, of transgender individuals is the main topic with emphasis on the effectiveness of intervention style approach to reduce prejudice overall. Transgender (TG) individuals experience widespread prejudice and discrimination and are at greater risk for associated adverse mental health outcomes relative to their gender-conforming peers (Institutes of Medicine, 2011). The title of the article does not indicate the discussion of mental illness as a result of this prejudice, however it is present in the article. So the title does not completely identify the topics discussed. However, the information provided is revenant to the topic of transgender stigma. In my opinion, the mental illness section within the article has been over-emphasized due to the unlikely need to compare both the stigma of mental illnes s and the stigma of the transgender community. I understand the need for the comparison of both stigmas; In relationship to mental illness, Mann and Himelein (2008) suggest that these limitations of education may be tied to the negative effects of labeling and/or adopting a disease-centered approach to understanding psychopathology. Pathologizing gender variation through its inclusion in DSM-5 is controversial among many professional (De Cuypere, Knudson, Bockting, 2010) and advocacy (VanceShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Minority Stress On Mental Health Within The Transgender Community Essay1340 Words   |  6 Pagescorrelates with mental health within the transgender community. As defined by Meriam-Webster Dictionary, transgender â€Å"is relating to, or being a person who identifies with or expresses a gender identity that differs from the one which corresponds to the person s sex at birth† (Merriam-Webster, 2016). For example, male to female, or female to male. However, r esearchers in this study used the minority stress model, which suggested that the stress associated with stigma, prejudice, and discrimination willRead MoreWhat Are Y All Hoping For?1585 Words   |  7 Pageslike the young woman puberty has created in the mirror. Years pass, and the discomfort only grows. This person, now an adult, finally seeks help for these complex emotions. The doctor scrawls, in hardly legible writing, the diagnosis: Transgender. But what does transgender mean? How will the patient’s family and friends respond? Even though the mother claimed gender had no effect on how she thought of her future child, would that opinion now change, since at birth the infant was already assigned as aRead MoreHiv And The Global Epidemic803 Words   |  4 Pageswhere combatting the global epidemic effectively is hampered. To date, millions worldwide have succumbed to the virus and currently, over 40 million people are living with HIV. Before the numbers decline, more must be done to address the social stigmas and discrimination associated with HIV/AIDS so that those in need of treatment and access to prevention programs are reached. A misinterpretation of the facts and widespread stigmatizing has made this a pressing social problem, especially among principalRead MoreA Research Study On The Lgbt Community965 Words   |  4 Pagesdespaired due to many components is the Lesbian, Gay, Transgender, and Bisexual community, commonly referred to a LGBT. This population is mixed with individuals of various race, gender, income and many other qualities and was created due to sexual orientation. The sexual orientation of this group is described as â€Å"abnormal†, or what is not typical in this world. The LGBT community faces many challenges such as discrimination, negative stigma, rejection, violence, insurance denial, job denial, lackRead MoreStigma Is A Part Of Everyday Life For Most People935 Words   |  4 Pa gesConcept Artifact Paper Stigma is a part of everyday life for most people. Stigma refers to negative perception of beliefs or attitudes that a certain attributes make a certain group unacceptably different from others. the result of stigma is prejudice or discrimination as well as physical and mental health issues. Group that are usually stigmatized are people with disabilities, mental illness, HIV/Aids and LGBT community. It took a long time, but nearly all medical organizations now agree thatRead MoreHiv Research Paper808 Words   |  4 PagesHIV among young Black gay and bisexual men), (6) People in the Southern US, (7) Transgender women (high burden of HIV among Black transgender women) (The White House, 2015). What Social/Cultural Issues Must be Addressed for Effective HIV Prevention in These Groups? There are complex socioeconomic factors that impact the high risk populations. These include discrimination, poverty, lack of access to care, and the stigma of testing for/or having HIV. Another issue that needs addressed are the SexualRead MoreGender Roles Of Men And Women Have Been Present In Society1418 Words   |  6 Pagesinstead another? How are they affected by how society sees them for not conforming to the traditional gender roles? Transgender people are faced with many judgements from their community based on how they identify themselves, their actions and how they express themselves. Many of the people that judge these individuals do not understand the affect that this can put on a transgender person psychologically. In this essay I will first discuss societies view on traditional gender roles, next I will talkRead MoreWhat are Traditions?821 Words   |  3 Pagesaccepted by all states in the US, legally and socially. However, people who identify themselves in the Lesbi an, Gay Bisexual, and Trans-gender community want to be parents as well. This is not what the majority of Americans see as normal, and there are stigmas and myths that take a hold of these parents and they are discriminated against because of the stigmas and the stereotypes that people can hold against them. In research, LGBT parents are more than capable of parenting, and they do just as wellRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Dallas Buyers Club1427 Words   |  6 Pagesstigmatizing. He believed that stigmas result in a â€Å"spoiled identity.† Goffman coined the term stigma to describe the labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups (pg. 107). He identified three categories or types of stigmas: abominations of the body, blemishes of individual character, and tribal. When a person became aware of a certain stigma they had been labeled to, Goffman noted three ways to manage it: hide the stigma, distance themselves from the stigma or try to correct it, andRea d MoreCultural Differences And Gender Appropriateness867 Words   |  4 Pages To be transgender is not a choice, but rather of form of sexuality that is often shunned in American culture. Transgender individuals are those who transgress the gender norms of the dominant culture or the culture to which they belong. Transgender oppression occurs when people whose gender expression does not qualify as â€Å"normal† within their society. Throughout life, society teaches â€Å"cultural differences and gender appropriateness† (437) in which is set as the norm in the American culture. It is

The Exit from Quantitative Easing Free Essays

The exit from CEQ was primarily conducted by reducing rapidly the most flexible asset on the Boss’s balance sheet which Is the amount of Its bills purchases from private banks, to match the rapid decline in the amount of excess serves. The advantage of this strategy was that the exit of CEQ was predominantly limited to Just one item on the Boss’s balance sheet and that the balance sheet adjustments were conducted through operations directly with the banking sector, which facilitated the management of the exit process. Intentionally, the BOX chose to reduce its holdings of Japanese government securities very slowly and moderately in order not to distort supply and demand conditions in Japanese bond markets. We will write a custom essay sample on The Exit from Quantitative Easing or any similar topic only for you Order Now In fact, the BOX kept In place Its regular purchases of long-term Japanese government bonds. It realized the gradual reduction of Japanese government securities on Its balance sheet mainly by reducing the amount of short-term Japanese government securities. The BOX implemented certain new liquidity providing operations in order to promote the proper functioning and stability of interbrain money markets. The Japanese experience shows that when exiting from CEQ, a central bank needs to consider very carefully how to restore the functioning of these crucial markets, as one result of CEQ may be that activity in interbrain markets becomes very subdued. All in all, the exit room CEQ in Japan has been considered a success and its experience may serve as a useful example for other central banks. Fernando Gutsurge del Arroyo Gong;leg provided excellent statistical support. The views expressed in this note are solely the responsibility of the author and should not be Interpreted as reflecting the views of the Bank of Spain. After having followed a zero interest rate policy strategy and facing a further deteriorating economy in an environment of falling prices (deflation), the Bank of Japan (BOX) announced the introduction of CEQ on 19 March 2001 and kept it in place until 9 March 2006. The Japanese version of CEQ consisted of the following elements, such as published by the Boo]: 1) Monetary policy target: The current account balances (CABs = required + excess bank reserves) became the operating instrument of Japanese monetary policy, replacing the overnight institutionalized call rate. How to cite The Exit from Quantitative Easing, Papers

Narrative Styles In Poe, Melville, Hawthorne Essay Example For Students

Narrative Styles In Poe, Melville, Hawthorne Essay narrative styles in Melvilles Bartleby, Poes Arthur Gordon Pym, and Hawthornes The House of Seven Gables. How all three authors utilize a conversational tone for the function of their work. In works by three of the most classically American authors of the nineteenth century, Melville, Poe, and Hawthorne, a trait that can be considered common to all three authors is pronounced clearly as a means to their narration. This trait is that of deploying a narrative laden with- and moreover led by conversational phrasing and asides. The flow of passages in these authors works, Bartleby, Arthur Gordon Pym, and The House of Seven Gables, takes on a spoken structure, and numerous operations are made by each writer to establish a link with the reader as though he or she is actually engaged in an exchange of living conversation with the author. This approach is probably quite intentional and may be seen, since it is occurring in some of the most celebrated American authors of the period, to be one that portrays the literary mindset and mechanic at large during the time in which these books were written. In Melvilles Bartleby, this distinction becomes clear immediately. Although any first-person narrative is designed to impart upon the reader a close proximity to the protagonist, there are extra measures apparent in the style of this short story that furthers this. Shortly into the beginning of the narration, the voice gives the following passage (pg. 4): I do not speak it in vanity, but simply to record the fact, that I was not unemployed in my profession by the late John Jacob Astor, I name which, I admit, I love to repeat, for it hath a rounded and orbicular sound to it, and rings like unto bullion. I will freely add, that I was not insensible to the late John Jacob Astors good opinion. This single block of text is heavily charged with conversational phrasing: I do not speak it in vanity; I admit, I love to repeat;I will freely add. Such structures signal that the voice is one issuing from not merely from a writer, but rather from a speaker. Furthermore, the structure of the following passages takes on the form of an oral report in which the narrator goes through descriptions of his colleagues point-by-point, as though he is simply trying to introduce them as concepts not to be forgotten throughout the ensuing lecture rather than to devise a manner through which to splice these descriptions of the other characters into the following text more effectively. This feature is then emphasized when the narrator, having finished his resume of Nippers and Turkey, begins his next passage as though backtracking through his speech (pg. 10): I should have stated before that In The House of Seven Gables Nathaniel Hawthorne utilizes the conversational approach perhaps the most overtly of any of the three authors, at times situating the narration in the first person plural, which thereby has the effect of drawing an assumed commonality between the reader and the par ty of the narrator. Indeed his use of we is scattered through the entire book, as in the passage (pg. 139): We must not stain our page with any contemporary scandal, to a similar purport, that may have been whispered against the judge, and the in this passage further on (pg. 139.):But it is too fruitful a subject, this of hereditary resemblances, -the frequent recurrence of which, in a direct line, is truly unaccountable, when we consider how large an accumulation of ancestry lies behind every man, at the distance of one or two centuries. We shall only add, therefore, that the Puritan- so, at least, says chimney-corner tradition, which so often preserves traits of character with marvelous fidelity was bold, imperious, relentless, crafty Whether the judge in any degree resembled him, the further progress of our narrative may show. .udb7dfe4c3ed09edbfed0f56e2fa5ee8c , .udb7dfe4c3ed09edbfed0f56e2fa5ee8c .postImageUrl , .udb7dfe4c3ed09edbfed0f56e2fa5ee8c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udb7dfe4c3ed09edbfed0f56e2fa5ee8c , .udb7dfe4c3ed09edbfed0f56e2fa5ee8c:hover , .udb7dfe4c3ed09edbfed0f56e2fa5ee8c:visited , .udb7dfe4c3ed09edbfed0f56e2fa5ee8c:active { border:0!important; } .udb7dfe4c3ed09edbfed0f56e2fa5ee8c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udb7dfe4c3ed09edbfed0f56e2fa5ee8c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udb7dfe4c3ed09edbfed0f56e2fa5ee8c:active , .udb7dfe4c3ed09edbfed0f56e2fa5ee8c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udb7dfe4c3ed09edbfed0f56e2fa5ee8c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udb7dfe4c3ed09edbfed0f56e2fa5ee8c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udb7dfe4c3ed09edbfed0f56e2fa5ee8c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udb7dfe4c3ed09edbfed0f56e2fa5ee8c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udb7dfe4c3ed09edbfed0f56e2fa5ee8c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udb7dfe4c3ed09edbfed0f56e2fa5ee8c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udb7dfe4c3ed09edbfed0f56e2fa5ee8c .udb7dfe4c3ed09edbfed0f56e2fa5ee8c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udb7dfe4c3ed09edbfed0f56e2fa5ee8c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: April Essay Not only does Hawthornes use of we nominate an intimacy between the literary space between writer and reader, but also it furthermore serves to assume that the reader is of like mind. Such a tactic aligns the morality of speaker and audience, and in doing so forms a sense of idealistic community. This occurs with regularity throughout the text. To cite a further example (pg.205): As to the main point- may we never live to doubt it! as to the better centuries that are coming, the artist was surely right indicates that Hawthorne feels just in determining the attitude of a reader invisible from his vantage point. Incidentally, this ends up being one of the very characteristic devices that leads a modern reader to date Hawthorne psychologically, as few writers from more modern periods would ever put much stock in such assumptions. Finally, Poe, in his tale The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, employs the occasional orientation of the first person plural in a manner similar to Hawthornes, (pg. 13 In no affairs of mere prejudice, pro or con, do we induce inferences with entire certainty, even from the most simple data) as well as a more abstract feature which also serves to establish a sense of conversation or direct address in the text: the inclusion of facts and explanatory data about sailing. These points impression the reader as though receiving the information from an animated storyteller first-hand. For example (pg. 54): As long as the sail holds, a well-modeled vessel will maintain her situation, and ride every sea, as if instinct with life and reason. If the violence of the wind, however, should tear the sail into pieces (a feat which it requires a perfect hurricane to accomplish under ordinary circumstances) then there is imminent danger Some vessels will lie to under no sail whatever, but they are not to be trusted at sea. Such reports are common throughout this story, and because of their positioning between segments of a more interpersonal nature, they ren der an effect of listening to their delivery rather than merely reading them, especially as they are often sewn back into the thread of the story via an expression such as one make in an oral presentation. The above passage, for example, is tied back into the narrative by But to return from this digression. Of the three pieces examined, Poes is the least overt in the narrative features described. His approach has more inventive aspects to it, and while it also differs most radically in detail and content, Arthur Gordon Pym, put alongside the works of Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville, seems to suggest a step into more modern story-telling. This proposition is easily evidenced in face of the widely accepted viewpoint that Poe was the first true developer of the mystery or crime story. And if he is the most modern and his narrative style the least similar to that of either Melville or Hawthorne in the sense described earlier, than this trait of conversational address throughout a text may be all the more considered as emblematic of fiction in nineteenth century America. Words/ Pages : 1,178 / 24

Turn of the Screw free essay sample

Corruption of Innocence Henry James’s Turn of the Screw is the eerie tale of a governess sent to care for two mischievous young children, Flora and Miles. Many people mistake it for a ghost story, but the story actually focuses more on the governess’s relationship with the children. Her thirst for acceptance gradually grows as the story progresses, and she becomes especially fascinated with Miles. Women have always been viewed as slightly inferior to men; they are depicted as weak and fragile creatures, only serving as a companion for man. They are manipulative and often use charm and looks as methods of persuasion. In Turn of the Screw, the governess ‘s attitude while around Miles is flirtatious and almost inappropriate; and she uses him to fill the void of the children’s beloved uncle whom she lusts for. The above example of the governess’s craving for Miles’s attention can be easily compared to the behavior exhibited by much of the female population today. We will write a custom essay sample on Turn of the Screw or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Note that the woman is always seeking to please the man, and strives to satisfy and serve him. The attitude of women in the modern world is becoming more and more submissive; almost voluntarily. Miles’s reaction to the behavior of the unnamed governess is merely compliant, and in some instances of the novel he somewhat encourages her inappropriate behavior. Mrs. Grose, the simpleminded and somewhat slow housekeeper at the estate, represents a middle ground between the mischievous children and whimsical governess. The reader can easily conclude that the governess abuses Mrs. Grose’s quite malleable opinion of the children. In several instances, the governess consults Mrs. Grose and uses her as an outlet for her frustrations with the children. As the governess shares her ghostly encounters with Quint and Miss Jessel, she convinces Mrs. Grose that her hysteria is justified. Since Mrs. Grose is not significantly talkative, it is difficult to form a conclusion about her opinion of the children and the governess. The reader has to infer that Mrs. Grose has spent quite some time at the estate, and has much experience with the children’s behavior. Mrs. Grose doesn’t necessarily agree or disagree with the statements and assertions made by the governess, she is merely a cache, storing the governess’s thoughts and responding with uncomprehending feedback. The children’s relationship with Mrs. Grose is somewhat distant and peculiar. They only consult her for affirmation and approval. In conclusion, Mrs. Grose is mainly an unresponsive character and is not a major influence on the circumstances of the story. Since the governess seldom approaches the children directly, we can infer that she would rather keep her knowledge of Quint and Jessel to herself. She often consults Mrs. Grose in order to gather as much as she can about the two. The governess is afraid that the children know too much, and fears that their knowledge of Quint and Jessel’s sexual relationship will affect them negatively. The fact that she is more concerned about the children knowing too much rather than protecting them from the possible harm that the ghosts can inflict, shows the reader that the governess incorporates her own fears and desires into the situation. In conclusion, Turn of the Screw is a much more complex and confusing story than meets the eye. The reader must question the behavior of the governess and the children in order to gather valuable information about the ghosts, and it seems as though in certain instances that Quint and Jessel are living through Flora and Miles. The governess is indeed a much more questionable character than the book portrays her to be. From my experience with both the book and a movie interpretation of the book, I have concluded that the governess is actually the main source of the hysteria and trauma at Bly.

What to Add to Christmas Tree Water

What to Add to Christmas Tree Water Youve done the difficult work of selecting a fresh Christmas tree and delivering it to your home. Now what? To keep your tree looking healthy through the holidays, youll need to make sure it gets plenty of water. As for treating that water, though, most experts say there is no reason to add anything- plain tap water will do. What the Experts Say While many additives are available for Christmas tree water, most experts- including the National Christmas Tree Association (NCTA)- say there is no reason to use them. In the words of Dr. Gary Chastagner of Washington State University: Your best bet is just plain tap water added to the Christmas tree stand. It doesnt have to be distilled water or mineral water or anything like that. So the next time someone tells you to add ketchup or something more bizarre to your Christmas tree stand, dont believe it. Still, other scientists say there are additives that will increase both fire resistance and needle retention. One such additive- Plantabbs Prolong Tree Preservative- claims to increase water absorption and prevent drying. Another product- Miracle-Gro Christmas Tree Preserve- claims to deliver important nutrients and reduce bacterial growth. If youre worried about your tree being a fire risk, you may want to give one of these products a shot. Just remember that they are no substitute for adequate watering. Proper Watering The best way to keep your tree fresh is to make sure it gets plenty of moisture. This starts with using a tree stand with an adequate water capacity. The ideal stand is one that holds a quart of water for each inch of the stem diameter. That means that if your tree trunk has an eight-inch diameter, youll want a stand that holds at least two gallons of water. If the stand is too small, your tree will soak up the water more quickly than you can likely replenish it, leaving your tree dried out. Make sure, as well, to use a tree stand that is large enough to accommodate the trunk of your tree without having to trim down the sides. If your tree is more than a day old you may want to saw a one-inch cookie off the trees trunk bottom. Even a small sliver shaved off the trunk will help. This freshens the trunk and allows water to be quickly taken up to the needles for continued freshness. Make sure to cut in a straight line perpendicular to the trunk, as an uneven slice can make it more difficult for the tree to absorb water. Place your tree in a cool, dry place away from fireplaces, radiators, and other heat sources. Too much heat will cause the tree to quickly lose moisture and dry out. Check the level of the water each day to make sure it stays above the base of the trunk. Make sure to check the needles as well. If they seem dry and brittle, the tree has dried out and may be a fire hazard, in which case it should be taken outside and thrown away.

Role of Professional Nursing Organizations in Maintaining a Healthy Essay

Role of Professional Nursing Organizations in Maintaining a Healthy Workplace - Essay Example The professional organizations, with the help of their licensed nurses, contribute largely to the improved conditions of workplace and employees, their sustainable developments, and increasing sustainability through addressing all those factors which are related to the well-being and health of the population. They do this by decreasing the ill-health trends and reducing the healthcare costs. There are many roles, which the nurses play in order to maintain the health management of the workplace. These roles include the nurses in the form of advisors, managers, researchers, clinicians, coordinators and managers. There are licensed as well as the occupational health nurses, who possess an independent role and through this, they take an advantage of listening to patients and employees, gathering the relevant information and data, and discussing matters regarding the health and well-being of the employees from the management and staff of organization. The unique characteristic of the prof essional nursing organizations include the readily availability of nurses and their capability to tackle all the healthcare issues. The various services through which the professional nursing organizations play their role in maintaining a healthy workplace include: Primary prevention The professional nursing organization facilitates its employees with the knowledge regarding the primary prevention of disease or injury. Through this methods, the professional nurses perform the identification, assessment and planning for the interventions for the purpose of modifying and improving the methods or processes of working, the work environment or the practice in order to reduce the chances of risks and hazards. They even take into account the elements of human behavior, choice of equipments,... This paper approves that the nurses at the professional and proficient level aim to maintain the health issues at the workplace. They provide a wide range of advices, alternatives, preventions and precautions to the employees working at organizations, irrespective of their risk approach. The nurses in a professional nursing organization generally act on the level of an organization, nation or community. They facilitate the patients with the suitable informed consents and establish an entire liaison network with them in order to ensure that a properly designed and comprehensive health strategy and approach has been designed to meet their health objectives. One of the major contributions that the professional and occupational nurses provide to the workers include health assessment for the employees to stay fit at work, and this is done through conducting their periodic health examinations, and individual health assessments. In order to maintain the transparency, fairness and reliabilit y of the treatments, the collaboration with the physicians is done and this also relies heavily upon the accepted practices, law and legislations of the nursing. This essay makes a conclusion that the essay deals with the subject of the analysis of the role of professional nursing organizations in maintaining the healthcare at the workplaces. In this context, the professional, licensed nurses play a major role in making the workplace effective and its employees efficient. The strategies such as health surveillance, periodic medical checkups, counseling, healthy assessments and screenings, and many other individual and group plans are implemented in order to contribute towards the organization’s effectiveness.

Business entity paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business entity paper - Essay Example In addition, it is pointed out that America is an emerging market for high-end watches, especially the complicated and fashionable ones. In addition, despite the recession, there is a report by Johnson in the National Jeweler dated 1 April 2005 that the sale of fine watch grew by 6 %, and as per the reports, the sale of high – end watches rose in double digits. In addition, there is report that the watch market has a 9.3% increase in 2005, a figure that attracts all businessmen considering the impact of recession. However, the rise is visible in high-end products, not in low-end products. From the above analysis, I found it safe and profitable to have my business in watch and timepiece retail, especially focusing on the elite class of the society. By starting my showroom in strategic location like the city of Los Angels, a decent business is assured. As per the reports, there is a sharp increase in the sales of watches ranging above $ 10,000. In addition, there is a considerab le rise in the sales of ‘steel and diamond watches’. Moreover, as per reports, the total US consumer spending on watches and other jewelry rose by 1.2 percent, as compared to 2009 (Jewelry & Watch Retail). Furthermore, according to the DJ US Consumer Goods Index, ‘consumer goods’ come fourth in the list of ‘best performing industries. Thus, it becomes evident that there is a possibility of this industry performing better than all other industries. Moreover, as per reports, the sales of Swiss watches in Chile increased by 30% in 2007 and are expected to rise more (Economic Integration). In addition, there is the logic that there will not be any fall in the sales of watches as they are all time requirement for people. So, even if there is no sharp growth in demand, there will not be any considerable fall in the sales. The only issue will be the competition from other retailers in the market. Thus, it becomes evident that retail of watches is one of the best business opportunities in the present business climate in the US. In addition, as per predictions, there is no possibility of a sharp downturn or fluctuation in the sales of watches in America. I would like to mention here the fact that American economy is on its recovery path from the recession, and hence there are new business opportunities as people are regaining their lost financial safety. As people are regaining their financial strength, it is highly likely that they will again start purchasing apparels and cosmetics, as they are an essential part of life. As compared to other such things, watches are a necessity for all people. So, taking into consideration the influence of recession, and the still weak economy, it is wise to select the retail of watches. In fact, I have selected Los Angels as the location of my showroom. There are various reasons for this selection. The first consideration is the huge population of Los Angels. It is the most populous city of California. As per reports, the population of the city is around 4.1 million (Beacon Economics, 2010) In addition, the location is the focal point of the Los Angels- Long Beach Riverside, with a total population of over 18 million. Yet another point of consideration is the higher income of people in Los Angels city. As per reports, the per capita income of people in the Los Angels city is an average of $ 55,000 (Beacon

Independent audit and detect fraud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Independent audit and detect fraud - Essay Example All the financial statements will be made in such a way that no statements will show any kind of inconsistency. In order to avoid frauds in a company, the internal control is of pronounced importance; otherwise no independent auditing firm or company will be able to track the frauds taking place inside any company. The internal control system is designed to keep track of the daily transactions of the company. The internal control systems not only contribute to checking the mathematical accuracy but also play part in rectifying the sources of data i.e. reporting systems (Trenerry, 1999). The audit company and controlling system hierarchical leadership will also ensure that they put absolutely honest and hardworking auditors on the job otherwise many a times it happens that the auditors make internal deals with the employees of the addressed company and all the fraud tracking process comes to no

Dementia Interventions And Implications Health And Social Care Essay

Dementia Interventions And Implications Health And Social Care Essay Dementia is one of the leading causes of nonfatal disability in the developed world and by 2030 it is predicted that dementia will be the third leading cause of the years of life lost due to death and disability .Measured using the concept of disability adjusted life years (DALYS) which combines a measure of the average years of life lost due to disease with the years lived with disability Mathers and loncar (2006). Alzheimers society describes dementia as a term used to describe various different brain disorders that have in common a loss of brain function that is usually progressive and eventually severe there are over 100 different types of dementia. (All Parliamentary party groups on dementia 2009) reports, there are approximately 700,000 people in the UK today with dementia. That number will double up within 30 years and the financial cost of the dementia today is more than the cost of heart disease, cancer and stroke combined. In global burden disease WHO( 2003) it was estimate d that disability from dementia is higher than almost all conditions with the exceptions of spinal cord injury and terminal cancer .Dementia is a health and social care challenge of scale, we can no longer ignore it and government recognized this with national dementia strategy for England in February( 2009). Dementia is a significant life changing process affecting everyone in different ways .Different type of dementia affects individual people differently. My case study is about Mr. Roy who is diagnosed with Fronto temporal dementia who has progressive language loss and cognitive decline. As he suffers from primary progressive aphasia, all information gained from his wife .Jane. [I have changed all names of persons and places to protect confidentiality as followed by NMC guidelines.] Mr. Roy was a supervisor and driver for a company for 35 years, dedicated employee, he married Jane and had four children. Roys mum has history of undiagnosed psychotic problems. He always had abrupt mannerism, strict with everything and always wanted to be first. Although he was dedicated to his job and never had time for his family, Jane was the main carer of the family. She worked as manager of a residential home .She says that he never been there for my children. Roy was a lovely person when he married her, after she had four children, he was working as a supervisor for a company for 35 years. Roy lost his job when he could not accept the changes in work environment, when the company started to use the modern equipments. He started to behave inappropriately, he collected office documents and kept it on the top of the attic, as he does not like Changes Companys policies .He lost his job as this company moved to another place. He lost interest in his family life; he spent time in p ub and always had temporary lady friends and spends money for them, which always leaded him to have debts and borrowed from banks and building society, without knowing his wife. His wife had to face the summonses, bills and police cases for a long time. She continued to pay back .He had problems with managing accounts, records and names of children. Roy started to be very rude and argumentative pressure on his wife for money and spent it treating others in the pub. He had lots of temporary lady friends; his personality changed, he threatened his wife with a gun one day to find his way. His driving skills became poor, and he had a car crash but survived miraculously. He never mentioned with his car after this incident. Mr. Roy then isolated himself .He use to visit regularly to the place where the company was and travelled several times in a bus on the fixed route. He has been referred to the psychiatrist and diagnosed of anxiety, depression and he refused to undergo any treatment fo r 3 years. His condition become worse .Roys memory deteriorated. He admitted to the hospital due to his difficult behaviour pneumonia Mrs. Jane had to take voluntary retirement due to financial commitment and to look after Roy. Her daughter was very supportive to her other three children hated him, and never bothered about their dad. Roy then sectioned due to his difficult behaviour admitted in mental health unit, undergone a CT scan and diagnosed of Fronto temporal dementia. He moved to an EMI nursing home to manage his complex needs. Roy displays physical aggression both actual and threatening. Roy says do you want two black eyes. He will raise his fist and will attempt to slap the staffs faces. Roys inhibitions appears reduced which often results in socially inappropriate behaviours .Physical aggression towards fellow residents, Roy appears to have no insight to his own condition on others illness and safety. Roy is at high risk of absconding and has a past history of windows and absconding from the previous care settings .Roy is self neglect ,resistive towards personal care , his behaviour can be challenging when staff approach him regarding personal care .He has no concept of risk to himself or others ,he will invade peoples personal space and can become confrontational regardless of any age groups .When people ask Roy questions he will laugh inappropriately, mimic ,or answer inappropriately ,for example dont be stupid .His short term memory appears impaired to the place and date .Long term memory appears impaired and muddled . Roy believes that he was in the Navy, but his wife has told that this was incorrect .Some aspects of Roys long term memory are intact and he is able to recognize family members He likes to wear coat and tie all the time .Conversational skills are limited and superficial in style therefore further mental health assessment are difficult. Roy likes music and will play loud music with no concept to others. When his mood lowers Roy has a tendency to socially isolate himself ,He is currently prescribed antidepressants and his mood currently appears stable ,he has a sweet tooth , can be very demanding for particularly chocolate à ©clairs .He tends to get chest infections recurrently. Common causes of dementia are Alzheimers disease ,vascular dementia ,Korsakoffs syndrome ,Dementia with Lewy bodies Fronto temporal dementia ,Creutzfeldt Jacob syndrome ,Aids related cognitive impairment ,other rarer causes like Progressive Supranuclear palsy, and Bins angers disease. People with multiple Sclerosis, motor neuron disease, Parkinsons disease and Huntingtons disease can also at an increased risk of developing dementia. Younger onset of dementia is arbitrarily defined as beginning before the age of 65 years. It is much rarer than late on set of dementia (Harvey, 1998) the proportion of those with Fronto Temporal Dementia is thought to be higher in younger-on set group than among older people developing dementia. (Dale2003; Williams 2001) possibly posing stresses for family members. In addition , the social and psychological context of younger people with dementia is different from that of older people (Cox and Keady,1999; Tined all and Manthrope,1997)The term Fronto temporal dementia covers a range of condition including picks disease and dementia associated with motor neuron disease all are caused by damage to the frontal lobes and the temporal parts of the brain, these are responsible for the emotional responses and language skills Alzheimers society (factsheet404)explains the core features of FTD as defined by the Neary criteria are early decline in social and personal conduct, emotional blunting and loss of insight. Selective brain degeneration is seen in dorsolateral orbital and medical frontal cortex (Neary).Personality shifts in the direction of submissiveness are typical for FTD. Although extroversion can emerge in previously introverted individual s(Rankin, Kramer, Mychackand Miller(2003) points out that there is a shift from the warmth to coldness on personality scares .Changes in established religious or political believes and patterns of dress suggesting changes in the sense of self are common, respect for personal boundaries disappears, some patient stare and become overfriendly, taking openly to the strangers(including children),Increased trust for others make these patients vulnerable to financial scams or sexual exploitation. Indiscretion causes embarrassment to the family and disinhibited verbal outbursts or socially inappropriate behaviour is common. Miller (1997) describes the symptoms are Antisocial behaviours, often reflect poor judgement and impaired impu lse control. Impairment in personal conduct is a core feature .Some can be overactive with verbal and motor activities .where as others become inactive and withdrawn, some patients will fluctuate between over activity and apathy. Gregory and Hodges (1996)Kean Kalder, Hodges and young ,(2002),Rosen et al,(2004)Loss of concern for others and prominent emotional blunting tend to isolate the patient .A consolation of cognitive and emotional changes tocontributeto this emotional blunting .for example ,comprehension and expression .are deficient , and the inability to comprehend the emotions that others are feeling. That the others are feeling particularly better, negative emotions contributes to the feeling that the patient is no longer concerned about his or her loved ones, in addition, patients become self centred and tend to focus on their own particular needs and desires. In a medical crisis setting, patients may respond with inappropriate lack of concern , sometimes in a bizarre man ner (Johansson Hagberg,1989;Kramer et al: 2003) loss of executive functions leads to impaired multi tasking , shifting abstracting , making sound judgments , planning and problem solving the executive problems can be the first manifestaon of std proceeding behavioural deficits ( lindauetal ; 2000) poor performance at jobs leads these patients to get fired , and they tend to work at progressively simpler occupations. Similarly, catastrophic financial loss due to poor decision making is common prior to presentation at the physicians office (miller 1995) explains that preservative and stereo typed behaviours emerge in the middle stages of FTD, simple repetitive motor or verbal acts such as lips making, hand rubbing or humming are common. More complex behaviours such as collecting (garbage, rocks, stamps, plastic figures) wandering a fixed route or counting money, evolve in patients. Hyperorality manifests in over eating and changes in food preference to a certain type of food or even conception of inedible objects. Analysing this behaviour characteristics Mr Roy is exactly the same features we can see in him .Roys challenging behaviour can be the signs of distress anger, aggression anxiety, and withdrawal .As ( Kerr and Cunningaham2004 ) states that it is difficult to determine how person respond to the behaviour or responses of a person with dementia ,if we do not know what caused it for and how person interprets it .As Roy has a rare form of dementia with primary progressive dysphasia Patient with FTD also go on to develop speech and language problems during the evolution of disease, (Neary 1998 Pasquier, Lebert, Lavenu and Gallium, 1999). Depression occurs and many patients with FTD are diagnosed with depressive disorders before dementia is evident (miller 1991) depression has atypical features that are a clue to the real diagnosis. Loss of insight regarding behavioural changes, diminished empathy for others, denial of depression, changes, diminished empathy for others, denial of depression, apathy, and blunted affect are present, in many patients with FTD and depressive features. Psychotic features, such as delusions and hallucination, occur but are infrequent. Deficits in working memory, set shifting and generation are evident, episodic memory deficits can be prominent, leading to misdiagnosis of AD. (Lindau 2000) (Miller, Swartz Lesser, Darby, 1997) states that excessive smoking and alcohol or drug abuse can lead to the misdiagnosis of alcohol or drug addiction, patients with FTD tend to overeat in gluttonous manner. In clinical practice because many physicians are unfamiliar with its specific features FTLD is com monly misdiagnosed as AD. Decline in social and personal conduct, emotional blunting, loss of insight and progressive speech disorder develop early in the FLTD. (Dawn Brooker 2007) points out that understanding persons past history is crucial to providing person centred care, by looking at procedures for how key stories are known about and how these are communicated Person with dementia is central to this process although others such as family or professional carers can also derive considerable benefits from being involved . The process and its tangible outcomes assist communications and aid the development of positive relationships, Life story work therefore has a multiple benefits for various people. It is and activity that all the largely about the past, takes place in the present .it involves a series of intensive, non threatening highly personal discussions between the person disabled by dementia and responsive appreciative listener .As Roys dementia has progressed and is unable to gain any information from him . Cunningham (2006) Lack of awareness and knowledge about the needs of the patients with dementia can lead to challenging behav iour and misinterpretation of their needs. The ABC analysis of behaviour is a useful successful tool for understanding patients with Dementia. This system provides an opportunity to record all the factors which interact to create a challenging situation. (Wang and miller 2006) points out that many aspects of this disorder make it particularly troublesome for caregivers, including loss of empathy for others, apathy, diminished insight and inappropriate sound behaviours that characterize these patients. It can be argued that successful caring relationships are those here the person with Dementia is accepted just for what they are, not pressurised to become what they once were an impossible target for them to achieve. Kitwood was the first writer to use the term personhood in relation to people with dementia, he defined personhood as a standing or status that is bestowed upon what human being by other, in the context of the relationship and social being .It implies recognition, respect and trust. Brooker (2004) helpfully encapsulates the person -centred frame work in four areas valuing the person with dementia and those who provide care for them.(V)The individuality of each person with dementia ,(I),The important perspective of person with dementia (P) and the key role played by persons social environment person centred care involves the integration of these four elements. So the people with dementia and those who care for then truly seen as VIP`s. A senses frame work has been proposed by Nolan as a of understanding these triangular relationship between the person with dementia ,the relative and the care home staff .Six senses are highlighted .those are sense of security ,sense of belongings ,sense of continuity ,sense of purpose ,sense of achievement and sense of significance .For person with dementia living in a care home the two key sets of triangle relationship are first ,with family members and friends and second, with various members of staff provide care .the relationship with family and friends is vital in the context of the persons journey through life; the relationship with staff is vital in relation day to day comfort and satisfactions needs .Nolan et al argues (2003;2006) argue that these six senses are essential for the relationship that are mutually satisfied for all concerned .for each of six areas ,the person with dementia ,family member and care worker may experience this differently ,yet a gap in any of these areas will adversely affect the quality of relationship. (Woods ;Keady; bseddonch ;Diane 2007)explains that the person with dementia may feel secure and safe when he or she has a friendly smiling faces around, and physical needs are responding to promptly and gently (the family member may feel secure when she or he feel confident that the person is in good hands . and receiving good care .the care worker may feel secure when their job is not under threat . when they do not feel criticised and scrutinised for every action, and when they do not feel under threat or attack, whether physical or verbal. A study by CSCI (2008) of care homes has shown the quality of care staff, communication with people with dementia has a major impact on their quality of life .leadership ethos, of care home staff training; support and good development are crucial factors in supporting good practice. Jane hated Roy because his difficult behaviour and the stress she had before diagnosis. G.P`s were not aware of this dementia as it is rare form of dementia ,.A fundamental way facilitating carers involvement, is for the nurses and the carers to negotiate a relationship within which involvement can operate in a way that endorses the principles of good practice is already established .Walker. E and Jane, B (2001) Fronto temporal lobe degeneration strikes at relatively young age, so the disease often causes dramatic economic and social consequences before patients arrive in the clinic. The UK National service frame work for older people states that there should be specialist services for the younger people with dementia[DOH],(2001)National service frame work for long term Neurological Conditions advices that there should be person centred services ,early recognition ,prompt diagnosis treatment and early rehabilitation(DoH,2005) When Jane had to face the consequences of the challenging behaviours financially and emotionally for long periods as she was not getting enough help from the health professionals ,and lack of diagnosis and unaware of his type of dementia .the person with dementia will adjust with this naturally ,but it can be much more difficult for their loved ones, since they are distressed by what they lost . Miller and Wang (2003) Typical and Atypical antipsychotics have been used for controlling aggressive and psychotic symptoms. However considering the possible adverse response with deteriorating motor symptoms and dysphasia, antipsychotics should only be used as a last resort. An increasing number of structured or therapeutic activity-based interventions exist for people with dementia. Examples include reality orientation; cognitive stimulation therapy; music therapy; art, writing, dance and movement; drama; aromatherapy and sensory stimulation; intergenerational programmes Montessori-based methods; doll therapy; the SPECAL approach; emotion-oriented care; horticultural therapy and woodlands therapy. Reviews have revealed that the research evidence for most of these activities appears weak, however the visible positive effect they have on individuals and anecdotal evidence indicates that they are worthwhile and have Referances Kerr D. Cunningham c(2004)Finding the right response to people with Dementia .Nursing and residential care .6,11, 539-542. Harvey R.J (1998) Family Burden young onset of dementia Epidemiology, clinical symptoms, support and outcome London Imperial College. Walker E. Devar B.J. (2001) issues and innovations in Nursing Practice .How do we facilitate carer involvement in decision making? Journal of advanced Nursing 34(3) , 329-337. Conclusion The above study thus explains the severity of Dementia and its consequences if left unattended. As stated above the number of people getting affected by this disease is increasing at a very high rate. Thus this disease seems to pose a serious threat to mankind and its social existence. The time has come to commence large scale studies and experiments on this disease and thereby device a methodology/cure for this. Also WHO should promote awareness about this disease among common public to ensure early detection and thereby reducing further health risks.

Witmans Calvalry Crossing the Ford and Cranes War Is Kind :: essays research papers

US Clergyman Henry Emerson once said, â€Å"The tragedy of war is that it uses man's best to do man's worst." And I agree with him. What is it about the human race and war anyway? Well, Carl von Clausewitz also said that, "To secure peace is to prepare for war." I also agree with that. War is an ironic subject at times. And war can also be a way of life for some people. Walt Whitman and Stephen Crane’s poems have no similarities and they both have different ways in writing about war. In Whitman’s poem, â€Å"Cavalry Crossing a Ford† he writes about a Cavalry marching off to war. From my research, Whitman recreates a scene from [Union General Lovell H.] Rousseau's raid through Alabama in July 1864, when his troops were crossing the Coosa River at Ten Islands Ford. He brings to life his poem by describing many details about the Cavalry’s surroundings by using lots of visual imagery. It has much visual imagery considering the length of the poem. Whitman also writes using free-verse. The speaker in the poem is taking his time to view nature; he isn’t in a rush to go to war. War is not what the speaker wants to think about. He wants to savor what may his last moments. For he knows that when he crosses the ford, he may not return home alive. In Crane’s poem, â€Å"War is Kind† he writes about how war is â€Å"kind,† though in reality, war it isn’t. War is never kind. The speaker is telling a maiden not to cry for her dead lover. He tells child to not cry over his dead father, and for a mother not to cry over her her dead son. Crane uses lots of irony in this poem. Which leaves the reader thinking the speaker is cold hearted. The speaker in Crane’s poem is sarcastic about war and is sardonic in his perspectives considering war. Although underneath the sarcasm and coldness, the speaker could be feeling anguish, and sadness. That person might be feeling bitter because he may have experienced war first hand or may have lost a loved on in war.

Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (Maven)

Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN) The red planet Mars has long been a cultural and scientific fascination. People have pondered for decades over the biological potential of the planet and its past. Geological features on Mars resembling dry riverbeds, and the discovery of minerals that form in the presence of water, suggest that Mars once had a thicker atmosphere and was warm enough to allow liquid water to flow on the surface.But phenomenally, the Mars that is seen today is radically different — barren, lifeless, and dry. Why? In hopes of uncovering the answers to these mysteries, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) will launch its newest mission to Mars, the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN). Set to launch in November 18, 2013, MAVEN has been given the task of exploring the Martian upper atmosphere, the planet’s ionosphere and its interactions with the sun and solar wind. NASA) It will be the first mission devoted to this understanding. According to NASA, MAVEN data will be used to determine how the loss of volatile compounds (such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and water) from Mars’s atmosphere to space has influenced the evolution of the planet’s atmosphere and climate. Clearly, the mission is expected to provide insights into liquid water and habitability on the red planet. The means by which the data harvested by MAVEN will achieve its primary scientific objectives have been determined.Scientists plan to infer how the Martian atmosphere changed over the course of time by measuring the current rate of escape to space of atmospheric gases and understanding the ways by which they do. (Wikipedia) To extract information on Mars, the four hundred eighty-five million dollar MAVEN space probe has been equipped with the latest scientific instruments, processed into three different instrumental suite packages. (NASA Science) One of which includes the Particles and Field Package.This specific package will be largely responsible for measuring solar wind, ionospheric electrons and magnetic fields, and magnetosheath ion density and velocity. Another package included is the Remote Sensing Package, which contains an ultraviolet spectrometer that will be used to measure the global characteristics of Mars’s upper atmosphere and ionosphere. The final package, the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer Package, will have the work of assigning measurements to the composition and isotopes of neutral gases and ions found in the planet’s atmosphere.With these instruments, MAVEN will gather substantial atmospheric information from its orbit 3,870 miles above the planet's surface. (Wikipedia) Currently, scientists believe that Mars may have lost most of its atmosphere due to a process known as â€Å"sputtering,† by which high-energy photons from the sun transform molecules into ions that are eventually carried out of the atmosphere and away fr om the planet by the magnetic fields generated by solar winds. NASA) The objective of the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN) is expected to provide evidence for the mentioned theory. While that may only be an expectation, one thing is for sure, in discovering the answers to the mysteries of Mars, we as humans will too certainly extend our senses as a whole in our quest to understand the secrets of our origins, and the destiny that lies ahead.

The Luddites essays

The Luddites essays Technology is one of the greatest inventions that man had come up with. I think that many believe the same way and at the same time have changed many peoples lives. With our generation I can honestly say that we cant live without present time technologies. For starters, how would an average teenager react if all appliances that play any type of music were to be taken off the market and destroyed? Probably an uprising would occur and much protest would take place on the streets. Or how about if all television sets were to be taken off the market and destroyed. No more television to watch and entertain us. Now that attracts a little more bigger crowd, including all people that are in the media and entertainment business, actors of all kinds, directors, screen writers, producers, and the most scariest of all, the people that use all of need these people and things for entertainment. The point I am trying to get to be that no one is used to Immediate change in his or her life. If these types of changes were to occur in our life, not to many people would be happy and start to riot on the people who are responsible. Thats what the Luddites were mad about when the first technological inventions were brought to life. It was around the time of the Industrial Revolution and it was time for the new technological inventions to come around. Back in the early 1800s much work in factories were done by hand which required as much help needed and that was no problem with the population growth and the need of more jobs. The pay was there and the job, well it was a living to put food on the table. As new technology came along, workloads became less and the amount of work seemed to decrees to people. Finally factory owner had something to look forward to, the production of more goods. The workers on the other hand had a different opinion about things. They didnt like the idea of less work, for them it was th...

Death Penalty Ethics Essay Sample

Death Penalty Ethics Essay Sample Death Penalty Ethics Essay The death penalty has a long history in the society. During older times, the death penalty was used in giving justice to grave crimes which gave the idea that grave crimes definitely cost people their lives. The discourse on death penalty involves different concepts in the society especially ethics and morality. In the context of ethics and morality, capital punishment is never seen as the righteous way to achieve justice. This follows the idea that taking one’s life is equated to devaluing it. Of course, death penalty also exists in a religious context. Throughout history, the Church has been prominent in voicing out its strong opinion against capital punishment. Despite this, history also says the Church has somewhat given the state civil liberties in how justice is practiced. In these juxtaposing concepts, it is seen that the issue of capital punishment is an issue that gathers strong opposing opinions which identifies it as an important moral and ethical problem. The Ethics of Capital Punishment The ethical constraint that lies within capital punishment is the idea of life being taken willfully from an individual. For many, this follows a barbaric form of the justice system just like the â€Å"eye for an eye† concept. Furthermore, in the case of religion, taking a life of another human being is already sin in itself which widens the moral grounding against capital punishment. In short, this form of penalty is not reasonable enough to be considered â€Å"right.† This thinking has developed over present times which produced progressive movements against capital punishment. Many consider that the uproar against capital punishment is mostly ruled by emotions but it is important to know that this is completely fine. The discourse on death will never be technical and emotions can be associated to the functionality of morality in the society. Morality speaks of what is right or wrong, based on our inherent perceptions of the society. Just like with other ethical issues, capital punishment is perceived as unjust because it does not truly bring justice to those who need it. On the other hand, it is only a premature form of vengeance that does not truly satisfy anyone. In light of this, it is important to explore the different underpinnings of capital punishment in the society and how different nations have legalized it despite the continuous retort of several advocacy groups. Capital Punishment in the Society In the United States, some states allow capital punishment as the highest level of crime punishment. This is dedicated to grave crimes such as murder and the likes. For some people, this form of punishment can be considered as a â€Å"grave† or excessive showcase of authoritarian power. It does not give space or reform for change in the society; rather it instills a sense of fear among people that is usually misguided. Aside from this, the idea itself of capital punishment tends to paint a picture of justice which is cut short. Of course, death is not the solution in achieving justice. In nations that approve of capital punishment, their reasoning lies in the idea that through death penalty, people would avoid making crimes that would lead to their death. State ruling also reasons out that through capital punishment, people would fear being involved in great crimes. For experts on crime and psychology, capital punishment may have an effect that is opposed to this belief. Criminals who get involved in grave crimes do not have time thinking of this sort of logic; criminals would be more focused on committing their crimes rather than the repercussions of their actions. Instead, capital punishment in itself can trigger more grave crimes for criminals would see the crimes they commit as their last. Of course, this is only one side of the story and this also proves the multi-faceted orientation of the discourse of capital punishment depending on what context it is situated in. Despite all this, when the discourse is focused on morality, the automatic understanding is tha t the death penalty is unreasonable. Cutting short the life of a criminal may be reasonable to the victims but this is a blinded perception of the justice system. Ultimately, the issue of death penalty continues to raise debates because of how life is connected to what is ethical and death penalty is just one of the many wherein ethics is erased.

Bejjing(China) Need Blue Skies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bejjing(China) Need Blue Skies - Essay Example This will includes the stringent measure of facing out backward production facilities which are the leading cause of the air pollution. Other than that, the government will start punishing the offenders without showing any form of mercy when using the law. This will prevent more people from causing the pollution or refusing to follow the law in as far as pollution measures are concerned. Since China has been pursuing economic growth more and at the expense of the environment leading to the increase in the levels of air pollution, the new government now vows to tackle the environmental issues first before economic growth can be pursued as the health of the Chinese people comes first. Lastly is that the government plans to work hand-in-hand with the citizens to clean the air as the success of the exercise needs the input of the public more (Kang Lim and Sui-Lee 1). Fisher, Max. â€Å"The most shocking photo of Beijing air pollution I’ve ever seen.† The Washington Post, February 28, 2013. Retrieved from: http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/02/28/the-most-shocking- photo-of-beijing-air-pollution-ive-ever-seen/ Kang Lim, Benjamin and Sui-Lee Wee. â€Å"Chinese Premier Li Keqiang pledged on Sunday that his government would "show even greater resolve" in tackling Chinas festering pollution crisis, a source of increasing public fury.† Reuters, March 17, 2013. Retrieved from:

ETHICS CASE Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ETHICS - Case Study Example In as much as the main goal of businesses is to increase their profitability by becoming efficient and effective in their operations, the obligations it has on its stakeholders must be upheld (Bader 12). First, the decentralized managers are under pressure to improve their operations. This means that they suffer from psychological problems including stress by having to work for long period or implement very discriminating and harsh work conditions. The sales representatives are also forced to apply unethical ways to increase their sales turnover. This could be harmful to the business long-term image. Moreover, the consumers’ welfare is likely to be breached if quality control procedures are compromised in order to reduce operation costs. Customers have the right to get quality products free from any harm. The managers of the corporations are in a dilemma of having to increase their performance through unethical ways or face termination of their services or demotio ns. They are torn on whether to breach the welfare of the customers or go against the company requirement. The sales personnel too have to embrace unethical ways to increase sales and this could force them to give wrong information for sales to be realized. Achievement of business goals can be attained by not necessarily becoming unethical (Bader 13). National products corporations should set realistic goals and motivate their employees to increase their level of commitment and effectiveness for the organization. The managers should as well be given the required tools and be involved in goal setting. Adherence to their customers’ requirements and expectations will also reduce the unethical practices. Stakeholders demands should be integrated in the business (Bader 12).In conclusions, businesses must remain committed at meeting their stakeholders’ expectations without engaging in unethical

Roe -vs- Wade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Roe -vs- Wade - Essay Example Is it ethical to allow the taking of a life, especially in those instances where there is no pressing medical reason that mandates a termination of a pregnancy? Is abortion wrong from a moral point of view? According to the religious beliefs, especially of Catholics, life is God given and therefore a woman who chooses to terminate the life of a fetus is in effect, taking into her own hands, a decision that only God can make. Abortion is equated to murder of the fetus and the woman who engages in it held liable for the act of killing another human being. Similarly, doctors who perform abortions were also held accountable, which is part of the reason why in some states, public opinion against abortion has reduced the number of clinical outlets and medical establishments where abortion can be safely performed by qualified medical personnel (Joffe, 2003). In pointing out the importance of the Roe v Wade decision, Joffe (2003) has described how, prior to the legalization of abortion, physicians performing therapeutic abortions were placed in an untenable position because of the fierce public opposition to abortion on religious grounds. But the decision of the Supreme Court in Roe v Wade has proved to be a boon for those women who are victims of rape or illness that interferes with their ability to successfully carry a pregnancy through to term. While earlier, it was difficult for them to terminate a pregnancy due to the public opposition to abortion, the decision in Roe v Wade has made abortion legal, thereby ensuring that woman seeking abortions can now have the procedure performed by qualified medical personnel. But Roe v Wade has gone beyond merely allowing abortions to proceed when there are extenuating circumstances; it makes the decision on whether or not to have an abortion solely the woman’s prerogative. Irrespective of the woman’s reasons for choosing to have an abortion, the decision in Roe v Wade

Benefits of Employee Collaboration Essay Example for Free

Benefits of Employee Collaboration Essay Within the modern workplace, there is an ongoing debate as to if traditional problem solving or employee collaboration produces the best results. Even though some people see employee collaboration as a waste of time, employee collaboration should be encouraged because not only can it benefit the company, it gives employees the opportunity to grow. When an employer encourages open collaboration with its employees in order to solve a problem, many positive outcomes can occur. In his article Improving Efficiency by Improving Employee Collaboration Brian Middle stated â€Å"Tasks can be completed more effectively since individuals are concentrating on areas that they are well versed in and not in areas they struggle with. † This thought process takes the pressure off of one individual to have all the answers to every problem in front of them. Yes, it is up to the person in charge to ultimately make the final choice as to how to handle a problem, but expecting them to have all the information at any given time is not good business practice. Bringing together a team to solve a problem creates an atmosphere of individual and company growth by giving each employee an opportunity to succeed, and having a more effective way of completing the tasks. At my own place of employment, a lot of the decisions are solely made by one individual on a day to day basis. This individual, while he is a fairly good leader is in no position to make choices concerning my work. As required by the state I live in, in order to perform my duties as a Wastewater Operator, a large amount of schooling and licensing must be obtained. With my job, I must make decisions about what to do when a large amount of rain has fallen in a short time frame. The process, in my opinion should be a combined decision by me, the other operator, and the Town Manager. The operators should be able to give him the vital information about what would happen with each scenario, our professional opinion as to how to best handle it, and then discuss it. This process would take roughly 10 – 15 minutes, and wouldn’t affect the overall plant performance. However, this is not the case. We are told what he wants us to do without our input, and this has at times led to bad outcomes. The mine-is-better habit seems to be the issue within our organization. Working with a lot of older gentlemen, I have noticed that any suggestion given to someone is immediately shot down due to egos. Instead of taking a little bit of time to review all the information from individuals with a more knowledgeable background on the subject, a decision is made from one persons point of view. Luckily, for all major decisions that do not need immediate attention; we have a Town Council who must put it to a vote. As simple as this seems it should be, there are some mine-is-better habits within the council as well. There are many routes I could take in order for my manager to overcome his habit of mine-is-better when making decisions. One of the approaches I can take would be to encourage him to take a moment to listen to what options we have, and how it would best suit him and the town to think things through. Giving him all of the information at hand, even if he hasn’t asked for it plants the seed within his own mind to consider everything before coming to a conclusion. The other option I can think of, is taking it solely out of his hands by involving the Department of Environmental Management. Having them simply explain to him that it is up to the operators themselves to draw the conclusion on what is best based upon the professional standing they have may help him realize that his way is not always the best way of doing things. The town I live in and work for would greatly benefit from open collaboration with its employees. Many of us our highly trained individuals, who take great pride in their field of choice. With so many different departments, no one person can expect to know how everything operates and works within the entire town. Many laws and regulations confront us daily while we perform even the simplest of tasks. Being able to talk to each other, to know how each decision made can affect the other departments and their processes can help us avoid unwanted extra paperwork and fines.

Holy Year of Jubilee :: Religion Religious Christian Church Essays

Holy Year of Jubilee The ultimate derivation of the word jubilee is disputed, but it is most probable that the Hebrew word jobel, to which it is traced, meant "a ram's horn", and that from this instrument, used in proclaiming the celebration, a certain idea of rejoicing was derived. Further, passing through the Greek iobelaios, or iobelos, the word became confused with the Latin jubilo, which means "to shout", and has given us the forms jubilatio and jubilaeum, now adopted in most European languages. For the Israelites, the year of Jubilee was in any case preeminently a time of joy, the year of remission or universal pardon. "Thou shalt sanctify the fiftieth year," we read in Leviticus 25:10, "and shalt proclaim remission to all the inhabitants of thy land: for it is the year of jubilee." Every seventh year, like every seventh day, was always accounted holy and set aside for rest, but the year which followed seven complete cycles was to be kept as a sabbatical year of special solemnity. The Talmudists and others afterwards disputed whether the Jubilee Year was the forty-ninth or the fiftieth year, the difficulty being that in the latter case two sabbatical years must have been observed in succession. Further, there are historical data which seem to show that in the age of the Machabees the Jubilee of the fiftieth year could not have been kept, for 164-163 B.C. and 38-37 B.C. were both certainly sabbatical years, which they could not have been if two sabbatical years had been inte rcalated in the interval. However, the text of Leviticus (25:8-55) leaves no room for ambiguity that the fiftieth year was intended, and the institution evidently bore a close analogy with the feast of Pentecost, which was the closing day after seven weeks of harvest. In any case it is certain that the Jubilee period, as it was generally understood and adopted afterwards in the Christian Church, meant fifty and not forty-nine years; but at the same time the number fifty was not originally arrived at because it represented half a century, but because it was the number that followed seven cycles of seven. It was, then, part of the legislation of the Old Law, whether practically adhered to or not, that each fiftieth year was to be celebrated as a jubilee year, and that at this season every household should recover its absent members, the land return to its former owners, the Hebrew slaves be set free, and debts be remitted.

Recording and Viewing Live Band Performances :: Expository Essays Research Papers

Recording and Viewing Live Band Performances Many people enjoy listening to music, but are always really excited to go see a live performance of their favorite bands. There’s something about the atmosphere of being with thousands of people who all love the same band you do. Everyone is going crazing and yelling and screaming for joy. Then the show ends. After the show fans usually stop by the souvenir stands and by a shirt or poster to commemorate their trip to see their favorite band play live. But, what if the show didn’t have to end? What if there was a souvenir each fan could buy that made the show live on forever? The Grateful Dead and Phish, jam bands with a very dedicated following of fans, have come up with a solution to make the show live on. The idea started back in the 1960s and 1970s when the Grateful Dead developed their loyal following. The Grateful Dead allowed and actually encouraged their fans to record the bands live performances. At the live shows there would be a sections blocked of for the tapers. They would all set up their recording equipment and would then capture every moment of the show. Then in 1983 Phish played their first gig and also started to develop a very loyal and dedicated fan base. Phish too allowed and encouraged their fans to record their live performances. The Dead heads and Phish heads that recorded the shows made the shows live on forever for many fans. The tapers first started trading tapes of the shows with fans who requested a specific show. Then they actually put all of their shows on the internet to be available for download for free. Sites were dedicated to downloading Phish and Grateful Dead shows. Any show you wanted was pretty much available for download and at no cost. This gave the loyal fans a chance to relive the experience they went through at the shows and was completely permitted by the bands even though they were not receiving any royalties. Now in the year 2004 other bands have finally caught on to the wonderful idea of recording live shows and making it available to their fans. However, it is not exactly the same way that the Grateful Dead and Phish used to do it. It all started when in 2003 Phish began an official website called www.

Nation of Islam Essay

Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska in 1925. He was born to a minister father that was a supporter of Black Nationalist Movement leader Marcus Garvey, which resulted in Malcolm experiencing discrimination and racial hatred from an early age. His father was killed and his home burned when Malcolm was young, and Malcolm was jailed in his early twenties after several run-ins with the law following his father’s death. He joined the Nation of Islam in while in prison, and when he was paroled in 1952 he was named the national spokesman for the Nation of Islam. Malcolm X was an outspoken, articulate, charismatic man that used television, radio, and every other form of media available to convey the Nation’s message. He preached for militant stance in the black community and for equal rights for African Americans, â€Å"by any means necessary†. This unwavering stance and militant attitude made some see Malcolm as a threat and he was followed under FBI surveillance until he was assassinated in 1965. He used his charisma and his steadfast beliefs to make the message of the Nation of Islam well known in America and to bring the issue of African American rights to the forefront of American consciousness. His mission later transformed from fighting for African American rights to fighting for equal human rights for every race, and he enforced the same militant stance with his new message. Mahatma Gandhi was a human rights leader like Malcolm X but he delivered his message in a very different way. Born Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, he was given the name Mahatma because it means, â€Å"great soul†. He was born in British-ruled India and practiced law in South Africa which was also ruled by Britain. While in South Africa he began a twenty-year campaign for Indian freedom. Instead of X’s militant, unmoving approach, Gandhi practiced and taught the principles of non-violent resistance. He believed it was more honourable to be jailed for one’s cause than to create violence. He also practiced fasting as a way of conveying his message of peace and non-violence. He returned to India after twenty years and became the leader of the Indian Nationalist Movement. After India was declared independent in 1947, it was divided into India and Pakistan and the two countries rioted against one another. Gandhi began a fast to encourage the leaders to stop fighting. After he fasted for five days, the fighting stopped and the countries were at peace until Gandhi was assassinated shortly after. Until his death, Gandhi epitomized his message to, â€Å"Be the change you want to see in the world†. He saw no value in violence, and thought that the message of non-violence as a way of protest could bring tolerance, peace and unity more effectively than any violent act could. Despite the change in his place of residence and the political climate of his country he stayed true to his message of peace and unity.

Concert Critique # 1 Essays - Accompaniment, African-American Music

Concert Critique # 1 Essays - Accompaniment, African-American Music MUL 2380 M W - 7:05p 8:20p 10/28/2015 Concert Critique # 1 On October 2, 2015, The Jazz Station in Homestead hosted a unique and spectacular jazz concert playing the Afterglow Party. The performance was primarily a display for Harmonic Laboratory, a collection of artists situated in Florida International University. The concert was located in the Hult Center Lobby and featured works from several promising musicians who came up with an assortment of unique musical combinations. This was an ideal chance to witness an extensive diversity of music, which for the beginner jazz enthusiast, was wonderful. However, it was not only the music but also several different works of art that made this show successful. The ambiance in the Hult Center Lobby was largely responsible for the success of the jazz concert. The management had installed dim lighting and added the sensitive touch of a candle on each table that gave the whole concert a romantic feel. Although the Hult Center Lobby was packed with revelers and artists, the atmosphere was generally peac eful and soothing. There was likeability and effortlessness in the way each of the performances took place. One of the spectacular aspects of this performance was the addition of Harmonic Laboratory. The performance by this group was tremendously enjoyed because it seemed easier to listen and analyze the music. The first song that the group played captivated the whole crowd while the second performance was equally entertaining. Immediately the first song began, I realized they were singing several familiar tunes. In the music, I managed to grasp a basic right hand melody being played that gave the piece a lighthearted sound. The next showcase was a quartet with a tenor sax, the piano and trombone. This performance could be categorized as my favorite performance in the whole event. The music had a supernatural and mystifying tune achieved by playing with minors. There was a strong prominence on the antiphony aspect (call and response) particularly at the start of the music. Using minor notes and keys generated conflicting noises occasionally in the process of the performance. In this quartet, the audience was given the privilege of viewing all the instruments on stage including the tenor sax, the piano and trombone. One skill the saxophone player was particularly adept at was the repeated use of sequential chords instead of the conventional ringing (arpeggios). The piano player would also play a strong tune simultaneously and then simmer down gradually. There was undoubtedly a rough feeling to this performance. The song would have made a convincing soundtrack for a James Wan movie such as Saw. This music had everything an accomplished jazz song should have and I was beside myself with satisfaction and admiration. Towards the conclusion, the music gradually developed its climax and then it abruptly ended. The next performance was the whole group Harmonic Laboratory and involved all the instruments on stage. The song began slowly and disorganized but soon picked up into the conventional stay rhythm that is common to jazz. The trombone began and followed by the trumpet and lastly, the piano. This blend and the way the music was played gave off a genuinely depressed feeling. The sound was somewhat gloomy. The two instruments were also competing with each other and kept overlapping and increasing in volume. In between the pauses, the leader of the group casually talked to us, and he kept us engaged as they prepared the next set. The song entitled What a Wonderful World by Louis Armstrong was played by a quartet having a drum set, a bass guitar and piano. The drum set started the piece and applied exceptionally strong kicks and snares to stress the melody. The bass guitar joined in a little later with a rougher accent after which Jeremy Schropp finally kicked in with the piano. All the players used a 4/4 time with a temporary interjection by the bassist who resorted to chords one and three using the right hand. The music was unquestionably a combination of soul and blues. It had strong beats and ostinato (repealed bass lines) that made most of the audience starts to nod their heads and tap their feet. Towards the conclusion of the song, the piano started to get more dominant

Psychology Questions †25 Points Each

Psychology Questions – 25 Points Each Free Online Research Papers PSYC 103 Organizational Studies/Psychology 103 Take Home Exam 3 Answer Question 1-4 (25 Points Each) 1. Many researchers are concerned about the possible effects that violent video games might have on our society. Some believe that it may have a cathartic effect, while others believe just the opposite. Describe the possible effects as they relate to classic theories (e.g., catharsis and modeling), and discuss research evidence that addresses this question. In relation to this, what does the study by Bandura, Ross, and Ross (1961) demonstrate (besides my liking of bobo dolls)? What implications does this work have for us in the areas of socialization, TV programming, and the marketing of video games? The affects on childrens behavior from violent video games is a newly, well-researched topic for social psychologists. Violent video games are giving our children the practice and experience needed to act out these aggressive behaviors in the real world. There is a common misconception that playing violent video games are a catharsis, allowing children to release their anger in a non-aggressive manner. Some psychologists even encourage aggressive play as a way to release emotional tension (Myers, 2008, p. 375). But Brad Bushman (2002) notes that â€Å"Venting to reduce anger is like using gasoline to put out a fire.† The near consensus among social psychologists is that viewing or participating in violence fails to produce catharsis (Geen and Quanty, 1977). Alienated, disaffected youths, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris, vented their anger to get famous by shooting up their school. On April 20, 1999 at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, these two young men carried out a shooting rampage. They killed twelve fellow students and a teacher, as well as wounding twenty-four others, before committing suicide. It is considered to be the deadliest school shooting, and the second deadliest attack on a school in US History (DeGaetano, 1999). Both of these boys were drowning in a violent pop culture of bloody movies and video games. High on the morning of April 20, 1999, before the massacre, Dylan and Eric filmed their own back story videos, explaining their aims and motives. Its going to be like f**king Doom! Harris said on one of the tapes, referring to his favorite shoot-em-up video game. Tick-tock, tick, tick Ha! Straight out of Doom! (Steyer, 2002). These two young boys had played this game very often and were so used to the vio lence of killing innocent people with no remorse. They gained the experience and knowledge from this video game on how to kill other human beings while getting a sense of satisfaction. A direct link between violent video games and increasing rates of violence among children happened in Paducah, Kentucky. A fourteen-year-old boy, Michael Carneal, steals a gun from a neighbors house, brings it to school, and fires eight shots into a student prayer meeting that is breaking up. Prior to stealing the gun, he had never shot a real handgun in his life. The FBI says that the average experienced law enforcement officer, in the average shootout, at an average range of seven yards, hits with approximately one bullet in five. So how many hits did Michael Carneal make? He fired eight shots; he got eight hits, on eight different kids. Five of them were headshots, and the other three were upper torso. The result was three dead and one paralyzed for life. Nowhere in law enforcement or military history can an equivalent achievement be found. And these from a boy on his first try. How did Michael Carneal acquire this kind of killing ability? Simple: practice. At the age of fourteen he had practiced killing thousands of people. His simulators were point-and-shoot video games he played for hundreds of hours in video arcades and in the comfort of his own home. His superhuman accuracy, combined with the fact that he stood still, firing two handed, and firing only one shot at each target, are all behaviors that are completely unnatural to either trained or native shooters, behaviors that could only have been learned in a video game. If you do not think these games resemble the real thing, you should know that the military and law enforcement communities use video marksmanship training simulators to supplement their training. As a player in the video game your goal is simply to rack up the highest score as quickly as possible. And, many of the video games (such as House of the Dead, Golden-eye, or Turock) give bonus effects for headshots while in â€Å"Grand Theft Auto† you are invited to play a psychopath (Gentile, 2004). These kind of video games provide the motor reflexes responsible for over 75% of the firing on the modern battlefield. In addition, they provide violent suggestions and reinforcement for violent behavior. These games teach young people to kill with all the precision of a military training program, but none of the character training that goes along with it (Gerdes, 2004). For children who get the right training at home and who have the ability to distinguish between real and unreal consequences, they are still games. But for children who are especially vulnerable to the lure of violence, they can be far more. Even more than violent television and movies, violent video games have been shown to increase aggression among those who play them. It seems as if even a brief exposure to these games can temporarily increase ones aggressiveness. Researchers stated that Violent video games provide a forum for learning and practicing aggressive solutions to conflict situations. New aggression-related scripts can become more and more accessible for use when real-life conflict situations arise (Steyer, 2002). One study reveals that young men who are habitually aggressive may be especially vulnerable to the aggression-enhancing effects of repeated exposure to violent games (Anderson and Bushman, 2002). Violent video games have stronger effects on childrens aggression because the games are highly appealing and interactive. The games are reward violent behavior. The more often children rehearse violent acts; the more likely they are to commit them in real life. This was demonstrated by Albert Bandura’s (1977) famous Bobo doll experiment. In 1961 Bandura conducted a controversial experiment known as the Bobo doll experiment, to study patterns of behavior associated with aggression (Myers, 2008, p. 353). Bandura hoped that the experiment would prove that aggression can be explained, at least in part, by social learning theory. Social learning theory is the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished for our behaviors. Bandura believed that our behaviors are learned by individuals modeling their own behavior after the actions of others. The experiment was criticized by some on ethical grounds, for training children towards aggression. In this experiment three groups of children saw a film which showed the adult attacking an inflatable doll with a stick. The doll was thrown across the room, sat on, punched and kicked. Bandura provided three alternative endings to the film: Group A Saw only the doll being hit. Group B Saw the adult being praised and rewarded for hitting the doll. Group C Saw the adult being punished for hitting the doll. When the children had seen the film, they were given the same doll. Bandura observed their behavior which showed that groups A and B imitated the aggressive behavior they had witnessed, while group C were less aggressive. Banduras results from the Bobo Doll Experiment changed the course of modern psychology, and were widely credited for helping shift the focus in academic psychology from pure behaviorism to cognitive psychology (Bandura, 1979). There can be intense psychological effects from playing interactive video games. Recent research has begun to find connections between childrens playing of violent video games and later aggressive behavior. A research review done by the National Coalition on Television Violence found that 9 of 12 research studies on the impact of violent video games on normal children and adolescents reported harmful effects. Playing violent video games like Doom, Wolfenstein 3D or Mortal Combat can increase a persons aggressive thoughts, feelings and behavior both in laboratory settings and in actual life, according to two studies. Furthermore, violent video games may be more harmful than violent television and movies because they are interactive, very engrossing and require the player to identify with the aggressor, say the researchers. Psychologists Anderson, and Bushman (2002) noted that One study reveals that young men who are habitually aggressive may be especially vulnerable to the aggression-enhancing effects of repeated exposure to violent games. The other study reveals that even a brief exposure to violent video games can temporarily increase aggressive behavior in all types of participants. The first study involved 227 college students who completed a measure of trait aggressiveness and reported their actual aggressive behaviors (delinquency) in the recent past. They also reported their vide o game playing habits. We found that students who reported playing more violent video games in junior and high school engaged in more aggressive behavior, said lead author Anderson. We also found that amount of time spent playing video games in the past was associated with lower academic grades in college. In the second study, 210 college students played either a violent (Wolfenstein 3D) or nonviolent video game (Myst). A short time later, the students who played the violent video game punished an opponent (received a noise blast with varying intensity) for a longer period of time than did students who had played the nonviolent video game. Violent video games provide a forum for learning and practicing aggressive solutions to conflict situations, said Dr. Anderson. In the short run, playing a violent video game appears to affect aggression by priming aggressive thoughts. Longer-term effects are likely to be longer lasting as well, as the player learns and practices new aggress ion-related scripts that can become more and more accessible for use when real-life conflict situations arise. One major concern is the active nature of the learning environment of the video game, say the authors. This medium is potentially more dangerous than exposure to violent television and movies, which are known to have substantial effects on aggression and violence (Anderson Bushman, 2002). Violent video games can increase aggressive behavior in children and adolescents, both in the short- and long-term, according to an empirical review of the last 20 years of research. These findings are presented at the 113th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association in Washington, DC. According to researchers Jessica Nicoll, B.A., and Kevin M. Kieffer, Ph.D., of Saint Leo University, youth who played violent video games for a short time experienced an increase in aggressive behavior following the video game. One study showed participants who played a violent game for less than 10 minutes rate themselves with aggressive traits and aggressive actions shortly after playing. In another study of over 600 8th and 9th graders, the children who spent more time playing violent video games were rated by their teachers as more hostile than other children in the study. The children who played more violent video games had more arguments with authority figures and were more l ikely to be involved in physical altercations with other students. They also performed more poorly on academic tasks. Violent video game players tend to imitate the moves that they just acted out in the game they played, said Dr. Kieffer. For example, children who played violent karate games duplicated this type of behavior while playing with friends. These findings demonstrate the possible dangers associated with playing this type of video game over and over again. The authors also found that boys tend to play video games for longer periods of time than girls. Boys may play more of these types of video games, said Kieffer, because women are portrayed in subordinate roles and the girls may find less incentive to play. But those girls who did play violent video games, according to the review, were more likely to prefer playing with an aggressive toy and were more aggressive when playing. The observational studies looking at childrens free play, tended to show that children become more aggressive after either playing or observing a violent video game. The children have increased heart rate and their blood pressure rises and they have an increase in both aggressive feelings and behaviors (Myers, 2008, p. 369). At a theoretical level, these evidences suggest empirical data supporting the social learning theory. When age was look at it was discovered that age played no significant part in determining if a player was affected by the content of video games or not. The difference of age showed up in the manifestation of its affect. Violent video games are giving our children the practice and experience needed to act out these aggressive behaviors in the real world (Bartholow others, 2005). The social learning approach suggests controlling aggression can by done by counteracting the factors that provoke it; by reducing averse stimulation, by rewarding and modeling nonaggression, and by eliciting reactions incompatible with aggression (Myers, 2008, p. 378). Stanford University used 18 classroom lessons to persuade children to reduce their TV watching and violent video game playing by a third. Their aggressive behavior dropped 25 percent compared with children in a control school (Robinson others, 2001). In short we should not play them ourselves and we should not allow our children to play them. There are so many better alternatives for free time than violent video games. 2. What factors determine attraction and do they change over time in a relationship? Discuss the variables that psychologists have studied, and state why each might be important in determining interpersonal attraction. What possible personal, temporal, and situational variables moderate the effects of these factors? What difficulties and limitations to these studies possess? (Bonus Question for 5 points: How are liking and loving related? Are they quantitatively or qualitatively different?) There are four different factors that cause an attraction, which are proximity, physical attractiveness, a similarity between each attitudes and beliefs they hold, and reciprocal liking. Living near someone is likely to encourage attraction. Despite the prevalence of online social networks, it is difficult to form a relationship with someone who is not physically nearby. But research conducted by Moreland and Zajonc (1982), demonstrates single people are also more likely to date and marry someone with whom they share proximity. Whether in class, at church, or at the gym, people are likely to be attracted to others they see regularly. Individuals who are near are certainly more available, but studies by Moreland and Beach (1992) show repeated exposure to new stimuli increases the chances they are liked, a phenomenon known as the mere exposure effect. Lisa DeBruines (2004) study demonstrated people even show a preference for faces that are similar to their own, rating faces with their own features morphed into them as more attractive than others that did not share their features. Evolutionarily speaking, what is familiar is likely to be safe. Attraction to those who were near served an adaptive purpose for our ancestors as foreign stimuli was more likely dangerous. Physical attractiveness is a key element of attraction, despite many people claiming physical features do not play a part in whom they choose as a mate. Belot and Francesconi (2006) show physical attraction influences first impressions and seems to be the most important determinant in whether two people on a first date will like each other. Attractive people enjoy the benefit of being perceived healthier and happier. Research by Cash and Janda (1984) concludes attractive people are also more likely to have higher incomes and enjoy more occupational success. People of a certain level of attractiveness seem to date and marry another of the same level of attractiveness, an idea called the matching hypothesis. Couples of similar attractiveness are perceived to be generally happier and more satisfied than couples of differing levels of attractiveness (Myers, 2008). Men across cultures rate women as more attractive if they have a youthful look. Men prefer youthful features because they signify reproductive capacity (Buss, 1989). Women tend to be attracted to men who appear healthy, especially if they are perceived as mature, affluent, and dominant. Women also prefer a male hip to waist ratio suggesting health and vigor, and during ovulation they show heightened preference for men with masculinized features. These preferences are rooted in evolution. For men, youthfulness would indicate fertility, while women are attracted to traits that would create a resourceful mate who would remain with her to protect and support their offspring (Gangestad and Simpson, 2000). Popular sayings suggest that opposites attract, but studies by Byrne (1971) show that couples actually do share many similar interests. People tend to be in relationships with individuals who are similar in age and social class. Men and women also tend to be similar to their mates in race, religion, educational attainment, attitudes, values, and intelligence. Research indicates the more alike people are, the longer their liking will last (Byrne, 1971). People also tend to like political candidates who have similar personality traits perceived in themselves (Caprara et al., 2007). Men and women tend to like individuals who like them in return, an idea called reciprocal liking. The reward theory of attraction takes a more economical approach. The reward theory states people will like someone as long as the benefit received from liking them is greater than the cost. A relationship will form so long as the rewards are greater than the costs. Though there are many ideas of how attraction is created, science and psychological research indicates attraction primarily consists of proximity, physical attractiveness, similarity and reciprocal liking. Now after these four factors come in to play, eventually attraction overtime turns into love. Love consists of two different types; temporary passionate love and a more enduring companionate love (Myers, 2008, p. 385). Passionate love is â€Å"an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship,† and compassionate love is â€Å"the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those whit whom our lives are intertwined.† Love expresses the equality between each person and complete disclosure of one’s self to the other, complete trust (Myers, 2008, p. 390). Interpersonal attraction is increased by physical proximity (nearness), frequent contact, physical attractiveness, competence, and similarity. A large degree of similarity on many dimensions is characteristic of mate selection Self-disclosure occurs more when two people like one another. Self-disclosure follows a reciprocity norm: Low levels of self-disclosure are met with low levels in return, whereas moderate self-disclosure elicits more personal replies. However, overdisclosure tends to inhibit self-disclosure by others. According to social exchange theory, we tend to maintain relationships that are profitable – that is, those for which perceived rewards exceed perceived costs. Romantic love has been studied as a special kind of attitude. Love can be distinguished from liking by the use of attitude scales. Dating couples like and love their partners but only like their friends. Love is also associated with greater mutual absorption between people. Adult love relationships tend to mirror patterns of emotional attachment observed in infancy and early childhood. Secure, avoidant, and ambivalent patterns can be defined on the basis of how a person approaches romantic and affectionate relationships with others. Evolutionary psychology attributes human mating patterns to the differing reproductive challenges faced by men and women since the dawn of time. 3. What factors go into our decision to help others or to behave in an altruistic fashion? Discuss and contrast social exchange and evolutionary views of helping. Describe Latanà © and Darleys decision tree, and use it to illustrate situational and personal influence. If you fall down at the mall while shopping for fireworks, what actions should you take to increase the likelihood of bystander intervention? Altruism is a subcategory of helping behavior, and refers to an act that is motivated by the desire to benefit another rather than oneself (Batson Coke, 1981; Berkowitz, 1970). The main issue with determining whether a helping act is truly altruistic is one of motivation; if we cannot determine whether an act stems from a desire to benefit others or some kind of ulterior motive, altruism is difficult to demonstrate (Rushton Sorrentino, 1981). The Empathy-Altruism hypothesis, rejects the claim that no behavior is ‘really’ altruistic. There are opposing theories of egoism such as negative state relief, reciprocity and social responsibility, and Latanà © and Darleys decision tree also factors in. Gaertner and Dovidio (1977) commented that it is likely that empathy motivates us to help others. Batson, Duncan, Ackerman, Buckley and Birch (1981) developed this by suggesting that feeling empathy for a person in need is an important motivator of helping and hypothesized that this motivation might be truly altruistic. Batson et al. (1981) experimentally tested this hypothesis by having subjects watch another person receive electric shocks and then giving the subject the chance to help by taking the remaining shocks themselves The experiment concluded that empathic emotion does evoke altruistic motivation to see anothers need reduced. This empathy-altruism hypothesis had significant theoretical implications because it contradicted the more widely accepted theories of egoism, which are built on the assumption that everything we do is ultimately directed toward the end-state goal of benefiting ourselves (Batson et al. 1981). Latanà © and Darleys decision tree outlines a path that a person will follow before they decide whether or not to help someone. The first step is ‘Notice the incident?’, if it is a ‘No’ then no help will be given. As we discussed in class the example of the seminary students going off to give a sermon on the the Good Samaritan sometimes jumped over a person in distress not noticing them because they thought that they were late (Darley and Batson, 1973). If it is a ‘Yes’ you continue up the tree. The second step is ‘Interpret as emergency?’, we might see someone laying in the street but if we think they are sleeping or drunk we will not stop and call for help. If it is a ‘No’ then no help is given, if it is a ‘Yes’ then take the next step up the tree. The third step is ‘Assume Responsibility?’, if this is a ‘No’ then no help will be given. As demonstrated in the Latanà © and Darle y experiment where they pushed smoke into a room with a person working alone they reported the smoke quicker than when there was a group of three working in the same room. No one wanted to take responsibility hoping or assuming one of the others would (Latanà © and Darley, 1970). If the answer to assume responsibility is a ‘Yes’ then help will finally be given after going through all the steps on the decision tree. The empathy-altruism hypothesis comments that motivation for helping may be a mixture of altruism and egoism (Batson et al. 1981). Batson, Early and Salvarini, (1997) developed on this idea with their study that showed imagining how another feels produces empathy (leading to altruistic motivation), while actively imagining how you would feel produces both empathy and self-orientated distress (leading to mixture of altruistic and egotistic motivations). For example, if we help a drunk on the street because we understand how they feel, the behavior is altruistic, but if we also imagine how we might feel, the behavior is not ‘really’ altruistic. It therefore depends on the perspective of the person offering help, as to whether or not the behavior is ‘really’ altruistic. The first of the egoistic theories that challenges the altruism notion is Cialdinis negative-state relief model (Cialdini, Baumann, Kenrick, 1981). It suggests that individuals who experience empathy when witnessing another persons suffering are in a negative affective state (one of temporary sadness or sorrow) and that these individuals help in order to relieve this negative state. Cialdini argued that his experiments in 1987 supported this egoistic (negative-state relief model) interpretation over a selfless (empathy-altruism model) interpretation of helping behavior. As a counter to this, Batson et al. (1981) argue that if personal gain (e.g. feelings of personal satisfaction or relief) is an unintended by-product and not the goal of the behavior, then the behavior is ‘really’ altruistic. Another egoistic theory is one aspect of the social learning theory; from early childhood we are exposed to helping models and are taught social norms. Two social norms particularly relevant to the motivation of helping behaviors are reciprocity and social responsibility (Berkowitz, 1972). As an example, a helping behavior may be motivated by a desire for favorable treatment from another in the future (reciprocity), or they may feel a social obligation to help because they have learnt to help others in distress (social responsibility). As with the negative-state relief model, this theory suggests that helping behavior is not motivated purely by the desire to benefit others, and as such is not ‘really’ altruistic. Reciprocity as a social norm should not be confused with ‘reciprocal altruism’ theory, which ultimately involves a reciprocal element even though the initial altruistic act was to one’s expense (Trivers, 1971). Piliavin (1981) suggests that a series of calculations are made prior to any act of helping behavior by a bystander; culminating in an evaluation of the cost of helping versus the cost of not helping. By inference, if there is a cost associated with not helping, no bystander behavior can be called ‘really’ altruistic in view of this model. This model has a strong flavor of Social Exchange Theory (Myers, 2008, p. 429), which argues that we assess costs and benefits before deciding to help. For example, even if you act to help at cost to yourself, your action was a selfish one because you weighed up the cost before acting. It could be argued that both these theories can be applied to any situation if one were to analyze it enough, in effect these theories are self-fulfilling. The main issue with determining whether a helping act is truly altruistic is one of motivation. Although neither theory takes into account issues such as personality traits, cultural or religious values, the opposing theories of empathy-altruism hypothesis and egoism both produce convincing accounts and consistent experimental evidence to support their own claims. Based on these claims, I believe that helping behavior is a combination of altruistic and egoistic motivation because even though we may act in a selfless manner, at a subconscious level we could be driven by egoistic motivation. We want to feel better by helping someone and to remove feelings of guilt. Dovidio et al. (1990) investigated altruistic versus egoistic interpretation of empathic concern on helping and concluded with â€Å"An important step in resolving the current theoretical debate concerning the existence of altruism may involve reaching common methodological ground†. If you did happen to fall down while shopping for fireworks one way you can increase your chances is to call out for help specifically to a single-person. â€Å"You in the blue shirt, call 911, I broke my ankle!† People are more likely to assume responsibility when the request is made directly to them (Darley and Latanà ©, 1968). Also making the request to someone who looks similar to yourself or is wearing the same team jersey as you can also help increase your chances of receiving aid as Levine, Prosser and Evans (2005) demonstrated with their in-group experiments of English soccer fans. 4. What are the prisoners’ dilemma and the tragedy of the commons, and how do these dilemmas help social scientists understand conflict? As experimental simulations, are they applicable to human behavior in general? Discuss the ways that we can resolve the social dilemmas, and present the method that you feel is most effective (be sure to fully justify your choice). The Prisoner’s Dilemma game is a type of game in which two players can cooperate or betray the other player. The example in Myers textbook is two prisoner’s are questioned separately. If prisoner A confesses and prisoner B doesn’t, the DA will grant immunity to A and convict B of a maximum sentence (and vice-versa if B confesses and A doesn’t). If both confess, each will receive a moderate sentence. If neither confesses, each will be given a light sentence (Myers, 2008, p. 469). But how does one prisoner trust that the other will not betray him? Garret Hardin (1968) developed a social dilemma involving more than two parties called the Tragedy of the Commons. Hardin explains that commons are resources shared by the society as a whole with access to that commons without restrictions. Those are resources with maximum capacity and limit to support its usage. In his example on the herdsman, Hardin demonstrated the irrational behavior and unethical thinking of an individual for his own advantage to increase his demands on the commons. The result of this absurdity in behavior and unethical thinking maximized the capacity and consumption limit of that commons thus everyone who have access to that commons equally shared the harmful affect the Tragedy to the Commons. In applying this to human behavior in general, Hardin, claims that human problems have classes and cannot be resolved through science and technology, instead it will just generate another problem. We could apply the Tragedy of the Commons to national parks and pollution. National Parks are open for everyone without limitation such as the Yosemite Valley. As population grows, the park gets crowded and the enjoyment the visitors previously experienced started to degrade thus devalue the importance and significance of the park itself. Hardin had mentioned several options to treat the park as commons to bring back its value and significance to the people as their national park. To mention one was to keep it public property but allocate the right to enter them which obviously will cause conflict to those taxpayers accessing the park and contributed to its construction. The options Hardin had mentioned needs to be given attention to maintain and protect the National Park from exploitation. According to Hardin (1968) pollution was another aspect of the Tragedy of the Commons. Pollution affects the air we breathe and the water that surrounds us. Such as waste and toxic chemicals, oil spills, dumpster. Humans often times failed to recognized the responsibility of preventing pollution and maintaining the air we breathe. This is unpreventable as much as it is uncontrollable. After all this is a free enterprise. The irresponsible thinking of a tax payer that disposing his waste is cheaper than cleaning them makes this problem unpreventable and uncontrollable. Maybe the tax payer has a different perspective than what the law imposed. Passing a law or coercive action such as penalty and prohibition is the only solution. As we all know, the oceans resources are becoming limited as humans continue to treat the oceans as commons and continue to exploit it. According to Hardin they still stick to the philosophy of the commons freedom of the seas and continued to catch vast amount of fish to their own advantage regardless of the fact that some of the marine species are now endangered and overtime will become extinct (Hardin, 1968). In this article Hardin applied the theory of the Tragedy of the Commons to the growth of the population and its effects on the earths limited resources. He claimed technology cannot resolve this problem. It is the participation and cooperation by the society as a whole (people and the government) and not just by the individual itself alone. To achieve positive results means giving up something you enjoy or minimizing the usage. People refuse to give up something they enjoy for the success of the whole. He described the ruinous result of the misguided use of ethics and ignoring the ethics that lies in the word freedom as in freedom of the commons. According to Hardin the rapid of the growth of population if not controlled will result in population exploitation. This will have negative impacts on the earths natural resources such as water, energy and food and will occupy every inch of the earths space. To add to this, it can result in famine, poverty, unemployment, inequalities, and deviance which could result in war. Poverty will result in famine and deviance will result in war, and both will result in death. According to Hardin the continued growth in population will crash the system which supports the whole nation. Although unavoidable, non-endless growth is a threat to the nation. It is the result of the individuals misguided practice of moral principles and techniques. The only way it can be corrected and prevented is the application of social, biological and political theories. Hardin was a bit of an old codger. According to him, Freedom to Breed is Intolerable. Humans who consciously reproduce to gain benefit to its own interest (expand family tree to the next generation, to take advantage of tax breaks or social welfare) but lack they resources to feed them brought additional misery to the nation especially if these children will vanish from the face of the earth because of starvation. According to Hardin, this will be the chastisement for over breeding as they did it to themselves. Ignoring this problem will result in misery. Today the present population is the most difficult and moral problem facing the world. Hardin explains that our society is committed totally to a welfare state which faces another part of the tragedy of the commons if aggravated. The earth is finite and everything that surrounds it is finite. To name a few are biological resources and fuels. Public or private land will eventually become commons with the growth in the population. The continued growth of the population will exploit the environment. Population is exceeding the land and the earths resources. Per Hardin, those who maximize their material consumption contributes to the increase exploitation of the commons and everyone who takes away resources from all other living things on earth. Deforestation, global warming, over-fishing, population exploitation, ozone depletion are all national issues. They are the result of humans irrational and misguided or mistaken use of ethics which became the Tragedy of the Commons (Hardin 1968). Hardin (1968) finally noted that the simple way to analyze and justify the problem of human populations is under the condition of low-population density. As population increase it generates another issue which diverts our attention to another aspect, thus abandoning the commons. There are aspects of the commons that needs more attention. Although some restrictions were already imposed, some still awaits for completion. According to Hardin we still have a long way to go from legalizing the commons in the issue of pleasure such as propagation of sound waves in public places which according to Hardin (1968) pollution of advertising. According to Hardin (1968) we need to recognize the most significant aspect of necessity, the necessity of abandoning the commons in breeding. If ignored, freedom to breed will bring disaster. While there are no solutions to this problem yet, Hardin opposed the idea of an attempt to advertise the use of conscience and apply responsible parenthood. According to Hardin in the long run it will result in anxiety. Touching the subject of commons always involves violation of someones personal freedom. These are violations that are strongly opposed; cries for rights and freedom. While bank robbers were persecuted, these people sheltered into the logic of the commons have freedom to bring universal disaster and free to pursue other goals once they see the necessity of mutual coercion (Hardin 1968). Freedom is the recognition of necessity (Hegel). The only way we can preserve and nurture other and more precious freedoms is by relinquishing the freedom to breed, and that very soon (Hardin 1968), Freedom is the recognition of necessity (Hegel). To put an end to this education must reveal to all the necessity of abandoning the freedom to breed (Hardin). Each of these situations are a social trap, a situation in which conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing its self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior (Myers, 2008, p. 469). The way to solve them is to remove the competition, ‘why do we care who wins’, is a great philosophy to live by. 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