John Dewey and early childhood education Essay

â€Å"Education is not preparation for life. Education is life itself. † – John Dewey (1859-1952) (Ministry of Education, Singapore, 2003) The set of Desired Outcomes of Pre-school Education that the Ministry of Education(MOE) had put together in 2003 highlighted the significant importance of pre-school education being the platform for lifelong learning. It’s intention were far beyond preparation of these children merely for Primary School curriculum (Wong,2000). Very much alike to John Dewey (Dewey)’s quote, MOE’s take on pre-school education exists similar context. I felt that it challenges the perceived notion that education is only about getting the necessary qualifications or securing a good job. However, with an open mind, education in fact occurs throughout life. This brings about a few educational principles of Dewey which had influenced me in my workings with children in a pre-school setting. I felt that the central concept of Dewey’s view of education was that there should be greater emphasis on allowing children develop problem solving skills, critical thinking skills, and being able to make decisions on their own, rather than simply on the memorization of lessons. Through real life experiences, instead of merely being on the receiving end of secondhand information, children were able to develop the required skills effectively (Seefeldt and Barbour, 1998). Active learning has been widely advocated in my child care centre. I often incorporate and encourage it too. Let’s say I will be teaching on the theme of occupation and doctors are the topic of the week. For the younger age group like pre-nursery and nursery, I would provide real materials like a doctor play set. Children would be encouraged to explore these materials at their own pace and interests. They would be able to experience how it feels like being a doctor and thereafter get an insight of what a doctor’s work scope is about. Concurrently, they would be exposed to the instruments that a doctor uses. I would also ask children open ended questions like â€Å"What does a doctor do? Which tool do you think a doctor uses to hear your heartbeat? If you are a doctor, how would you hear my heartbeat? †. I believe  that such open ended question encourages children to construct their own understanding of concepts. I would also drop hints and attempt to spur their interest when children become uninterested and seem clueless. On top of these activities, for the kindergarten classes, I would introduce a â€Å"Doctor of the day† where the child would, alongside the teacher, assist in the daily temperature taking of children. This way they would understand the concept of what is taken to be ill and what is not, and also who should they visit at times when they fall sick. I would also liaise with a nearby clinic and bring the children on a trip, getting the doctor to assist in giving the children a short demonstration of a regular consultation in the clinic. The children will not only be able to see how a clinic setting is like, they will also be able to pose questions to the doctor to find out more. Following which, I would plan for a clinic role play where children are free to express their own interpretation and ideas of a being a doctor. In tie with Dewey’s avocation of active learning, this concept of learning has been strongly supported by the local context too. In the Code of Ethics, professionals are obliged to promote and encourage children to be actively involved regardless of ability (Association for Early Childhood Educators, Singapore, 2005). Dewey also advocated that the school is a social institution (Flanagan, 1994). He believed that through social interaction with adults and peers, learning would be further reinforced (Henniger, 2002). Communication with peers or adults allows children to think, process their thoughts into verbal words and therefore encourages and stimulates a child’s thinking. Interactive learning is also vital to social development. Being able to develop a positive and satisfying relationship with peers and adults is crucial for effective social interaction and is often a focus of pre-school programs (Early Childhood Teachers’ Association, 2003). In my workings with children, I have realized the important role social interaction plays in a child’s development. Children across all pre-school levels enjoy talking and interacting with each other over their thoughts, opinions and experiences. One way I encourage this is by planning for problem solving in group discussions. For instance, the kindergarten children would be issued a problem at the start of the day: â€Å"What are the features of an insect? † They would then be divided into groups to explore the problem by going into the various learning centres I have set up toacquire the information. This can be followed up by bringing the children on a field trip to the Botanical Garden where children are able explore on the topic and make drawings and notes on their observations as a group. At the end of the day, they would discuss about their gatherings again in groups, and then present their findings. Other than learning how to function as a member of a group, children would also be able to learn cooperative skills and conflict resolution through the activity. Besides peer interaction, adult interaction plays an equally important role. In the Assessment of Licensing Standards in child care centre, staffs are to encourage interaction with children in order for children to be able to understand self and others (Ministry of Community Development and Sports, 2003). In the pre-nursery and nursery classes, I take time to listen, make eye contact and respond to children. This makes children feel comfortable and it motivates them to interact more with adults. I would also plan for activities like dough play and painting on large papers where children are able to proceed with the activity together. Through such activities, they are able to discuss, comment and communicate with each other too. I would also ask questions like, â€Å"What do you think Clarisse has molded? Does it look like a sandwich? † which allows for creative thoughts to be expressed and interaction to take place. Dewey’s philosophy perceived a teacher’s role as a guide and observer, rather than an instructor or a disciplinarian. The teacher is to provide and prepare the environment and curriculum to allow children to benefit and learn productively from it. Teachers were also expected to observe children and come up with activities designed to facilitate optimal learning (Feeney, Christensen and Moravcik, 2006). For the pre-nursery and nursery classes, I would provide a large variety of materials where children would be given the choice to choose based on their preference. I would not interfere in their choice activity as long as it conforms safety standards. I would also plan for activities where children could explore and exercise trial and error. For instance in the dough making session, they would be able to explore how much water is needed to achieve the texture of dough they would like, and what should be added when the dough becomes too soft. However, I would be guiding children whenever they are stuck or faced with much difficulty. I would also put up children’s work like their art work at a prominent corner of the classroom to make them feel that their work is valued. For the kindergarten classes, I would plan the lesson together with the children and come up with activities that could tap on their interest. For instance, discussing with children about which occupations interests them the most by showing them a variety of it. After the children have made their choices, I would plan activities catered to their interest. Throughout the lesson, I would make observational notes about each child and provide experiences or materials catered to individual’s interest. For example if a child shows immense interest in the occupation teacher, I would plan for the child to have a go at teaching his fellow classmates a song. Or if a child is interested in being a policeman, he could patrol the corridors before nap time to ensure that children are not hiding in the toilets or up to mischief. Similarly, under the Framework for Kindergarten Curriculum, MOE recommend putting their principles into practice in a few ways. These includes, preparing the learning environment by encouraging learning at their own pace and choice, planning meaningful activities based on children’s interest and abilities, allowing resources and materials to be easily and readily available and observing and monitoring children’s development. (Ministry of Education, Singapore, 2003) Through Dewey, I become aware of various methods and principles which plays a vital role in children’s pre-school learning. Though there were also controversies in Dewey’s philosophy, I believe that each philosopher possesses their own virtues and Dewey was one which struck me the most. References Association for Early Childhood Educators, Singapore (2005). Code of ethics. Retrieved March 23, 2010 from http://www. aeces. org/code_of_ethics Early Childhood Teachers’ Association (2003). Educating young children. Journal of early childhood teachers’ association inc and school of early childhood university of technology, 9(1) Feeney, S. Christensen, D. Moravcik, E. (2006). Who am I in the lives of children? : an introduction to early childhood education (7th ed). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Pearson Education. Flanagan, F. M. (1994). John Dewey. Retrieved March 24, 2010 from http://www. admin. mfu. edu/ctlf/Ed%20Psych%20Readings/dewey. pdf Henniger, M. L. (2002) Teaching young children: An introduction (2nd ed). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Pearson Education.

Pulchara Negotiation

IntroductionThis is paper seeks to analyze and discuss the results of a simulated negotiation between two nations which are Pulchara and Veritas. This researcher represented Pulchara as Deputy Foreign Minister of Economic Affairs to negotiate with the Diego, as the First Secretary for International Legal Affairs from Veritas on issues of compensation caused by damaged to Pulcharas’ farmers crops caused by a chemical pesticide DS-30 leakage from a chemical plant in Veritas that had adversely affected large tracts of Pulchran farmland.After the negotiation, there is a good ground to now have analysis whether there is basis to sustain of the application of tools that this researcher has learned in class to a deeper understanding of the negotiation. The analysis therefore basically as ask reason for the working of negotiation tactics employed in the case and wells as the finding the reasons for the partner having been able to set the frame more effectively than me.Using evidence o f what really happened in the negotiation as well valid references; this paper will try to revisit what happened in the preparatory phrase including the sort of preparation and what strategy did developed.   Included also are the applications of the concept of BATNA, target point, resistance point, position, interest and positions, anchors   during   entry phrase. In addition, discussion extend to framing preferred and applied by the parties, shaping the end game after the first agreements and whether special topics on culture, gender power, personality, communication, or other thematic issues did play in the negotiation.  Ã‚   A conclusion on the analysis made will form to end the paper.The preparatory phaseAt the preparatory phase, I needed to know what I wanted to have for my country and that is to compensated by Veritas within an amount I believed that is fair enough within a certain predetermined range of figures.   As the representative of Pulchra I approached this n egotiation with a Calculus-based trust. I depended on a history of cordial relationship with the Veritas and hoped they will reciprocate. I felt as if I did not have a great BATNA, because winning the election was main concern, and it can only happen if Diego of Veritas spills out the money. I went in with my Resistance Point at 50 million and Optimal point at 100 million.I found my negotiation with Diego very peaceful and respectful. I ran into a trouble when I could not explain why we cannot export the damage crops in a time of emergency. I have explained to him that the crops were destroyed by the farmers according to our legislation. He argued that they could have been exported to other part of the parts of the world, and our policy states no import over 4ppm.Diego stated that he can only compensate for the 300,000 mt because it went over 12ppm. I could not get him to come to 800,000mt. I became a little forceful and expressed signs of disrespect when he offered 300,000mt for 12 5/mt which comes at 37.5 million. Showing signs of a salesman, he offered 500000mt for 125/mt expressing that the farmers are interested in their inflated price of 125/mt, and agreeing to this agreement will make all of us happy. He explained deal comes out at 62.5 million and knowing that congress will reimburse them will 50 million which will come out as 112.5 million, this being over their original demand of 100 million.   I guess Diego knew that I do not have a good BATNA and that he knew that what is important to me is that I got the farmers compensatedThe use of BATNAMy BATNA (Spangler, 2003) was to walk out of the negotiation is to bring the complaint of the farmers to the international courts and have Veritas pay the higher or actual amount if the Diego will not agree within my Resistance Point at 50 million and Optimal point at 100 million USD. Veritas’ BATNA was clear as Diego was able to parlay on the table ways to expand the pie when he has sensed that I was los ing respect when he started his offer to paying 300 mt at about 37.5 million USD.   Veritas’ side was able to anchor on his belief that my government would be ready enough to give 50 million USD from the act of legislature.The use of framingAs to the use of framing by either side it may be stated that the other side’s preferred frame is the further expanding the pie as Diego saw my limited options. With his knowledge that I am interested to have that $100M   as compensation of the damage for $800M, he as was brave to say that I could get the part of the amount the from my government. I know that knowing the interest behind my position (Fisher and Ury, 1981) taken is more important in negotiation.This I came to know after I have revealed the experience of a country who found it difficult to pay after they found the effort was not made to have the commitment of the responsible country to have at least promised some compensation.   I realized telling Diego a part of my BATNA world worse than it should have been. This happened because Diego perceived that my BATNA is worse than I thought. He used power in the conflicts (Coleman, 2000).Between the two of the negotiator I feel Diego was more persuasive since he seemed to have prepared more for the negotiation up to what level I would be anchoring the negotiation. He seemed to know my asking price. Since his country is basically admitting responsibility he was in a sense to be finding the best criteria to base this country’s liability.   I found that I basically told him what is my interest and he seemed to have read it easily and thus the negotiation was not as difficult as I had expected.The main negotiationAs to the main negotiation, it may be asked: What tactics were used by both sides? Was it more collaborative or competitive (or did it switch over the course of the negotiation, and how)? Why were these tactics effective or not?In response to the questions, I guess both of us applied the collaborative approach (Weber, and Khandemian, 1997; Meiners and Miller, 2004) as I started with the negotiation by approaching this negotiation with a Calculus-based trust. Having depended on a history of cordial relationship with the Veritas and with my big hope that they will reciprocate, I actually set the stage for a very collaborative instead of competitive one.This researcher believes that the tactics employed were effective enough because we chose to expand the pie instead of taking a hard-line position in the negotiation. I was looking forward to the election of the President of my country and who continued stay will also keep my long-term in office as government official and a representative of my country on issues of international dealings like the negotiations I had.As to endgame stage of the negotiation, the following questions   may be asked:   Once we had some agreement on the main points, or a `first agreement`, how did the remaining points shape up, and wha t brought us the negotiators to the final deal? Did we try any `nibbles` or other tactics in this phase? How well did they work?What has kept the negotiation proceeding well, I believe, is based on our giving much importance to our relationships is friends and this has led the negotiation proceeding almost very smoothly. With Diego understanding the destruction of the farmers would be important to my country and his country’s readiness to respond to the need by ad admission of the result of the damage, the issue was more the amount of the compensation.We conducted the negotiation in a relatively peaceful and friendly environment where we feel we could just make thing free flowing.   Diego as I said has the marking of salesman since from his offer of compensating only 300,000 metric tons of the crops which had effectively raised by blood pressure because the amount of compensation would be below my walk away price of 50 million, he was magnanimous and friendly enough to brin g it into 500,000 and thereby sending the amount of 62.5 million USD.He capped it by saying that 50 million could be coming from my country’s legislature and that would exceed the 100 million being demanded by the farmers.  I guess, there is wisdom in what Diego did in jumping from 300,000 metric tons to 500,000 tons as a sign of building greater business relationship   with the offer of buying the my country’s farmer’s products for the next five years.   Diego again I suppose know my BATNA and he sensed that my country’s farmers have limited options where to sell the products.Although a bit satisfied, I felt I should fish for more damaged crops. I insisted that he should compensate for the damage of at least 600,000 mt for the market price of 115/mt. I tried to cajole him into our friendship in the past and that I have to explain the farmers why I cannot compensate for more of damaged crops. They complied according to our law and damaged crops is 8 00,000 mt not 500,000 mt, which you party is culpable of. He was resolute about his offer, but did bend a little by offering to buy more crops from us in the future, which came about 5 years agreement. I could not set the price of future crops with him due to shortage of timeThe relevance of culture, gender power, personality, communication, or other thematic issues in negotiationAs to whether culture, gender power, personality, communication, or other thematic issues play in this negotiation, I believe they have played a part to the extent how one negotiator feels about the other.   Diego’s personality was that of sales man and so was I. We felt there was better reason to agree on many things despite the conflict than walking out of the negotiation.ConclusionTo conclude, it may be stated that I felt if I was a little aggressive in the beginning and showed more of a concern about the election, and Verities has no option but to help us out with 100million. By expressing that it is in both Presidents’ interest that we win the election and dictating that there will be no compromise in the 800000mt damaged, especially from a friendly nation. Most likely my deal would have closed with much higher offer than 62.5 million. I still would not have a threat approach, by challenging them to the Nuclear charge. I feel cooperative approach is the only way to go.This experience has also proved to this researcher the importance of frame, the significant role played by having BATAN, anchoring one’s argument of what may deemed fair that could further expand the pie as well the greater benefit in collaborative negotiation rather a competitive one.References:Coleman. P (2000) â€Å"Power and Conflict.† Morton Deutsch and Peter T. Coleman, eds., The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice San Francisco: Jossey-Bas Publishers, 2000, pp. 108-130. Fisher and Ury (1981) Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In. (New York: Peng uin Books, 1981), 104. Meiners and Miller (2004) The Effect of Formality and Relational Tone on Supervisor/subordinate Negotiation Episodes; Western Journal of Communication, Vol. 68 Spangler, (2003) Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA), {www document} URL, http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/batna/, Accessed December 14, 2007 Weber, and Khandemian   (1997) From Agitation to Collaboration: Clearing the Air through Negotiation; Public Administration Review, Vol. 57, 1997

Strategic Capital Management,  Llc

HBS  Case  9? 202? 024   Strategic  Capital  Management,  LLC Instruction  for  the  Case  Report The  case  report  carries  10  marks  and  should  follow  the  structure  suggested  below. It   should  have  at  most  6  pages  including  the  cover  page,  and  should  be  printed  with  line  space   1. 5  lines  and  font  size  12. The  cover  page  should  contain  the  name  of  the  group,  student   name  and  ID  number. There  is  one  mark  for  the  clarity  of  the  writing. Note  that  lecturers   will  help  you  to  clarify  conceptual  issues  but  not  specific  case  questions  and  calculations.The  report  is  due  at  5pm  Friday  March  29  in  the  submission  box  on  Level  3  of  Block  D. No  electronic  submission  will  be  accepted. Late  submission  carries  point  deduction:  5  marks   for  1? day  (or  less)  overdue,  8  marks  for  2? day  overdue,  and  all  10  marks  for  3? day  (or  more)   overdue. Exception  will  be  considered  only  for  medical  reasons. Case  Report  Structure:   I. Case  background  (0. 5  mark)   ? II. ? III. ? Create  a  table  with  the  key  dates,  events,  and  decisions  to  be  made.Investing  in  hedge  funds  Ã‚  (1  mark)   Key  differences  with  mutual  funds  in  terms  of  investment  strategy,  risk,  and  reward. Arbitrage  opportunity  (2  mark)   Was  there  an  arbitrage  opportunity  on  Dec  9? What  should  be  the  arbitrage   transactions  (long  or  short  in  each  stock,  number  of  Ubid  shares  for  each  share  of   Creative  Computers)? ? Elena  is  required  to  post  cash  collateral  for  her  short  position. Should  she  borrow  to   purchase  Creative  Computers  (CC)? The  initial  margin  is  50%  for  both  long  and  short

Influenza A virus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Influenza A virus - Essay Example The envelope has two surface glycoproteins called neuraminidase and hemagglutinin, the latter gets attached to the host cell prior to viral penetration. Often the HA protein undergoes several antigenic changes, such genomic alterations lead to phenotypic changes thus challenging the development of vaccines against influenza virus. [A. Maher and A virulent influenza A virus in humans is responsible for the infection of the respiratory tract leading to necrosis of the epithelial tissues. The infection then extends to the bronchioles and alveoli resulting in interstitial pneumonia. A susceptibility to bacterial super infection is not uncommon. The infection slowly affects extra respiratory tissues leading to myocarditis, myositis, parotitis, encephalopathy and Reye-Jhonson syndrome. [T. Kuiken, G. F. Rimmelzwaan, G. Van Amerongen and A. D. M. E. Osterhaus] For most experimental studies concerned with animal models, mouse is widely used .The low cost combined with its small size permits researchers to conduct large scale studies. Mouse is also considered suitable as a mammalian model for the studies concerning pathogenesis and immunity of human H5N1 influenza virus mainly due to the fact that this virus replicates very effectively and efficiently in the lungs of mouse without any adaptation.

Teaching Strategies Integration Research Proposal

Teaching Strategies Integration - Research Proposal Example He told us that the parent was quite correct, and that he had failed to account for different learning styles. He went on to say that only the grade from then on would count, for that reason, since he felt it was unfair if he left out any of the students. This is how I try to teach my own adult students, both men and women. In this paper I will describe ten of my teaching strategies developed for this purpose. All of these now have different names. According to the researchers who theorized the latest research on them, but they basically represent the major methods for learning. All learner use a combination of them all, with the exception of learners who are lacking the use of one or more physical senses. However, each learner learns more from one of these than the others. So the teacher who taught math using diagram was only addressing the visual learning style, and the students who favoured other learning styles were being left out. This diagram is the most useful for me when I am designing lessons, as it encompasses Kolb`s ideas very well, and includes all five of the methods I mentioned above. However, it adds another dimension, that of procedure and interaction. So try to design each lesson so that it include opportunities to include all of this learning activity and all five learning styles. I do not always introduce the lesson in the same way, as each lesson requires something different to best communicate it content. However, at some time I present it in both visual and auditory fashion. Then I provide a way for the students to discuss the material before giving them an opportunity to apply the learning in some activity. For every lesson I provide notes, though I do not always hand them out at the beginning. Some students take notes, while others just listen. All the students join in the discussion sessions and the hands on activities. Assessment follows using much the same pattern. I require the students to discuss the outcome, write something

Text, Image, Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Text, Image, Culture - Essay Example Most of the consumers buy televisions to satisfy their need of being connected to the world. Before, small television sets already satisfied this need. However, when the big televisions were introduced, the society began to change their through of being duly satisfied. It came to be that bigger televisions would bring about better self satisfaction level for many consumers. Besides convenience, they are satisfied by the fact that they are able to benefit from the best and most recent innovations of technology, which makes them a part of a modern society. Psychologically, being able to get along with the society is a great benefit in terms of self-satisfaction matters of an individual. Usually, owning large-sized televisions suggest extravagance and luxury. This fact then adds up to the social status of an individual who has the capability to purchase the said type of televisions. Normally, a person who owns a television set that is of a large-size is usually identified as someone who has a better social status than that of the others who own smaller television types. Yes, owning a large television also identifies the financial capability of the consumer. As known to many, large televisions cost higher than that of the smaller ones. This is mainly because of the features that it posses and the elements of entertainment that it offers its viewers. Aside from this, the marketing strategy of the said types of television sets suggest that if consumers buy them, they are to be considered "cool" by the society. As a result, many consumers who buy the said device have the same idealism as they take ownership of the television. On Personal Companionship Many among those who purchase large sized television would want to fulfill their need of having a personal companion. Psychologically, this may be termed as a personal need of having someone or something to fill the void of companionship within a person. More than just the idea of relaxation that the television provides, for many introvert persons who would rather stay at home than mingle with other outside, televisions serves as a personal companion. The certainties of the fulfillment of the said television regarding the said need could be seen in the actual provisions of the television of bringing the world to the house of the television viewer or owner. On Advertising Matters and Social Culture In a world of numerous products offered by different manufacturing companies, advertising strategies used by the business establishments could be both appealing and blinding to the eyes of the consumers. Why is this so This is due to the fact that marketing

Privacy Philosophy Related to ID Theft Assignment

Privacy Philosophy Related to ID Theft - Assignment Example First of all, it must be noted that the above mentioned cyber crime has a considerable devastating impact on the victim. In spite of the fact that a person in not harmed physically, the cyber criminals might steal financial funds and make the social security number used for bad purposes which ultimately distorts the system of social security and does not allow the government to care after its citizens effectively. As for the companies that are involved in the ID theft directly or indirectly, one should point out that they experience negative influence as well. For example, it is beyond any doubt that a person would not be willing to use the services of a company that issued the debit card after the cyber criminals were able to steal the money from it. What is more important is that if the theft happened in the virtual environment, the companies which provided the software are likely to lose their reputation as well. There are several ways that a person might make sure that his or her ID is not stoles. One of the best ways is to change passwords frequently and contact the support team of different services from time to time. In this case, the criminals will see that a person actively protects one’s privacy and are not likely to try to steal the data. However, the easiest way to prevent ID theft is to be careful while interacting with the virtual environment and use the services of the reliable companies.

Organisational Insights Analytical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organisational Insights Analytical - Essay Example nies play at different markets and engage in different industries, they are of equal scale in terms of organisational structure and number of employees. Comparing and contrasting both companies with respect to their individual industries will provide significant insights on the nature of organisations, in general. Strong Market Position in Scarborough – The company has a strong retail brand that built a reputation for selling quality goods at bargain price (Boyes, 2006). Boyes’ strong market position in Scarborough enhances the customer perception, company reputation, provides economies of scale and presents a platform to launch new products. It also enhances the brand image of the company. Strong market position enables the company to penetrate the market more effectively and serve a wide range of customers. (Best R. J., 1997) Balanced Product Mix – Boyes, Scarborough is engaged in operating a chain of department stores. The company’s key products include apparels, accessories, confectionery, cosmetics, electrical appliances, furniture, gifts, groceries, house wares, home decorative, stationery and toys. They sell virtually everything for the home and family (Boyes, 2006). A balanced product mix coupled with friendly and helpful services allowed Boyes to serve multiple customer segments which heighten its revenue growth. It provides greater choice to customers and encourages customer loyalty. (Best R. J., 1997) High dependence on Scarborough – Boyes is heavily dependent on the Scarborough market. Concentration of operations in the Scarborough area makes the company vulnerable to market conditions and environmental instability in this area. It puts the company in a competitive disadvantage relative to rivals and competitors with larger presence in different market geographical areas (Porter, 1985). As a business based largely in UK, Boyes is particularly exposed to any economic downturn which affects customer spending. Expanding product

State Machine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

State Machine - Essay Example Suitable choice of semantics for state machines allows multiple machines to be composed in the description of a single object. State diagram can be used to graphically represent finite state machines. This was introduced by Taylor Booth in his 1967 book "Sequential Machines and Automata Theory". Another possible representation is the State transition table. The mealy model for a state machine is one in which the outputs are a function of both the present state and the input. It is a general model for state machines, and assumes that there are two types of inputs; clock inputs and data inputs. The clock inputs cause the state transitions and gate'' the outputs, (so the outputs are really pulse'' outputs; i.e., they are valid only when the clock is asserted). The data transitions determine the values of next-states and outputs. Essentially, the clock inputs control the timing of the state transitions and outputs, while the data inputs determine their values. In this model outputs are associated with the states of the device. In the Moore machine, the outputs are stable for the full time the device is in a given state. (The outputs are said to be level'' outputs, and are valid even when the clock inputs are not asserted.). Again, there are two types of inputs, clock inputs and data inputs. In this case, however, the clock inputs only directly enable the state transitions. ... In general, we can say that; it is possible to convert any Mealy type machine into an equivalent Moore type machine, and vice-versa. First, we must define what we mean for two state machines to be equivalent. Two state machines are said to be equivalent if they produce exactly the same output for all inputs. Consequently, to derive an equivalent Moore machine from a Mealy machine, it must be possible to guarantee that the two machines produce the same output after any arbitrary input string has been input. This can be done by splitting all the Mealy states corresponding to different outputs, and ensuring that these states are connected to next-states which correspond to equivalent states in the original Mealy machine. Reference: 1. http://web.cs.mun.ca/paul/cs3724/material/web/notes/node25.html 2.

Travel as Part of Education Essay Example for Free

Travel as Part of Education Essay Travel in the young is g part of education, in the elder a part of experience. Life is real, life is practical, but much of what a man learns from books is theoretical. Therefore, he is required to have practical knowledge of men and things in order to equip himself for the struggle of life. This practical knowledge is gathered from the first hand knowledge of the outside world. We learn by pergonal observation much more than what we learn from books. Real life does not always move according to the literary canons of the novelists and dramatists. Man is not a machine, restricted to a prescribed or umform action. Therefore, in order to study man and his concerns, with real men and women The more a ms travels, the more he tees of the world and studies it better, the more experienced he becomes. Travelling exercises a broadening influence upon human intelligence. Man is the creation of his environments. A narrow and monotonous surrounding has always a cramping effect on his mind. A young man who has never set foot out of his home grows narrow in outlook, involved in his thoughts and his mental stature is dwarfed. We on the other hand gain valuable experience by coming in contact with persons of different shades of opinion. We visit different countries and have the opportunity of observing their customs and manners, thus we learn to appreciate the merits of others and our prejudices against them disappear. A kind of mutual goodwul is created and great selfconfidence is built up among the young. Trevelling does not only give us a better understanding of other people but at the same time enables us to have an impartial and detached view of our own accomplishments. We are able to see our own self as others see us. In this way we arc able to form a just opinion of ourselves, Moveover, the advancement and progress made by others encourage’ and Inspire us. Those who only stay at home are not able to keep themselves abreast with the movements of world thoughts,. Travelling encourages sense of enterprise, action ,and adventure ; ture. The people who never stir lout remain isolated, ignorant and lag behind others in the march of civilization, History is full of such instances where ignorant and timid people have been subjected to domination by the enterprising and daring nations. It is true incase of India that our slavery is largely due to our timidity, isolation and superstitions. Travelling is a source of joy and pleasure. Today science has made travelling so easy, swift and so comfortable. If variety is the spice of life, travelling gives us that variety. We see different scenes of nature, various countries, varied types of men and women and social and political institutions. The grandeur and varied beauty of nature has an ennobling influence upon us. The snow-covered mountains, dancing streams of water, vast expanse of green wood! , the sweet melody of birds transport us with wonder, delight and admiration. They make us forget our pettiness and uplift and purify our minds and spirits. The beauties of nature have the power to touch man deeply and make him feel the wonders of the vast universe, pit Travelling has great educational value for the youth It has great disciplining influence upon him. It teaches the lessons of cheerfulness, patience and courage in facing the discomforts and inconveniences of life. The lesson of self-help and self-reliance is also imparted. Travelling teaches the value of sociability and good humor. We grow tolerant, modest and self-assertive. The freer intercourse with other people tends to make us broadminded, accommodating and truly intelligent. Our minds ripen and become sobered through experience. Thus we become sober reformers. Our travelling in this way benefits not only us but the country we live in. It is for all these reasons that travelling has been spoken of as a part of education. It has fascinated people from early times. They, pave defied the hazards to amuse themselves. However, in order that we may profit by travel, we must travel with open eyes, open mind and a sympathetic heart. It is essential that we must possess charity and courtesy. We must not only travel for the sake of pleasure but with a desire to see, learn and understand. Then alonef travelling will impart more impressive lessons than books. It is true! That no education is complete without travelling and no greater and g more varied joy can be had form any other source. . We on the other hand gain valuable experience by coming in contact with persons of different shades of opinion. We visit different countries and have the opportunity of observing their customs and manners, thus we learn to appreciate the merits of others and our prejudices against them disappear. A kind of mutual goodwill is created and great self-confidence is built up among the young.

Profile Of Jefferson Davis History Essay

Profile Of Jefferson Davis History Essay Jefferson Davis was born on June 3, 1808 in Christian County, Kentucky which was renamed later to Todd County. He was named after his fathers political hero, Thomas Jefferson. He was in a family of ten kids; he was the tenth and the last child. His mother almost died giving birth to Jefferson Davis at age 45. He was the President of the Confederate States-the only president of the Confederate. This was the person the South looked up to. He chose all the generals/plans to work with in the Civil War. His dad, Samuel Davis, was in the Revolutionary War in 1776 along with his uncles. Jeffersons brothers were also soldiers, but in the war of 1812-some sat side by side with President Monroe. Jefferson was homeschooled at an early age. After homeschooling, he was sent to Transylvania University in Kentucky. He finished his school in 1824 at age 16. After, he was appointed by President Monroe to go to WestPoint Military Academy as a cadet. People said that he was very soldier like and should be one of the best soldiers. He had graduated from WestPoint at age 24 in 1832. Right after he graduated WestPoint, he was assigned his first active job in the army. He was working at posts in the North-West of Fort Crawford, Wisconsin in 1828-1833. In 1831, the Black Hawk War, his regiment participated in many battles. In 1833, he transferred to a new regiment named the First Dragoons. That same year, Davis was also promoted to being the first lieutenant. He married, Sarah Knox Taylor. She was the daughter of President Zachary Taylor. They didnt spend a lot of time together, so it must have been love at first sight. President Taylor didnt oppose of this marriage because of all the hardships they had to face in the war. They later divorced and Jefferson Davis married Varina Howell Davis. On February 9, 1861, he got a notice saying that he was the next President of the Confederate States. He didnt want to be president of the Confederate; he actually wanted to be the commander of the military. He was a different person compared to the rest of the generals in the Civil War. People like to have their business/job their first priority, but Jefferson Davis had his family his 1st priority instead of his business. He became famous by his writing. He wrote about loneliness, and being away from his family during the war. In 1847, he fought in the Battle of Buena Vista (the Mexican American War). In 1860, he came out for favor in seceding. This was his first time he actually came out and said that he was helping the South secede. Davis appointed a new state to the confederate in 1861. This was a good strategy because he was gaining more people to support slavery being legal in the U.S. This state was Tennessee. In 182, he signed the Conscription Bill; this shocked many people b ecause the southern army was small but very experienced and skilled. The conscription bill is saying that he is singing about 50-100 men to fight in the army. The southerners were shocked because they didnt think that Jefferson Davis would sign so many inexperience people. Davis said that they couldnt win the war without this. In 1861, he spoke his last speech before his illness in the U.S. Senate. This was an illness threatening to lose his left eye. 1865, he was captured in a Casemate at Fortress Monroe for two years. In prison, he sold his land to a former slave name Ben Montgomery. Ben was a good manager, mechanic and had already owned a General Store. On December 6, 1889, he had died in New Orleans. He had died around 12:30 to 1:00am. He had hit many front pages in the Southern Newspapers which had tributes and praises on how important he was and how much they loved him. He died of old age at the age of 81. This person was important because he was the person that the people in the South looked up to. He was the president, which meant, he chose all the generals and he ran the south to fight against the North. He was also important because he wanted to secede from the United States. He didnt want to be a part of the United States because he thought that Abraham Lincoln was going to take away their slaves. He was also a leader in the Civil War Period. This teaches us what the South really wanted to do since the North said that slavery should not be legal. This also teaches us about the past and why the South wanted to keep slavery legal and what they would do about it.

Effect of Nematode on Tobacco

Effect of Nematode on Tobacco Tobacco 1.0 Introduction Tobacco (Nicotina tabacum L.) is one of the most important non- food crop and widely grown commercially (Akerhust, 1981). This plant had a high economic value and widely demanded throughout the world for the usage of the nicotine, cigarettes, cigars and other tobacco product (Akerhust, 1981). Nowadays, in Malaysia, Tobacco industry is very crucial in uplifting the socio-economic status of farmer in Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah and Perlis. There were 20,524 farm families, 355 tobacco curers, 1300 grower and 25384 station workers. This industry generates about 150 million in income per year. 38% of the income goes to the farmers and 18% to the curers (http://www.malaysiayellowpages.net/mpi/details/TOBACCO.htm). This plant can give a stable income and therefore increased the income of farmer (Wells, 1987). Tobacco was cultivated as a rotation with the paddy for a side income (Anon, 1981). Tobacco plant can be infected by bacteria, fungus, virus, and parasitic nematode. Disease infection lower the tobacco yield and also quality. This research focused on effect of plant parasitic nematode on tobacco. Plant parasitic nematode can be found wherever tobacco is grown. The severity of the damage they caused depended on climate and soil type (Luc, Sikora et al. 2005). Nematode infection may lower the quality and yields. Annual report from North Carolina in 2008, showed Meloidogyne spp. it self cause loses around $2,505,126 in 2004, $1,596,452 in 2005, $ 1,772,819 in 2006, $1,542,864 in 2007, and $4,096,321 in 2008 while other nematodes cause $146,297 in 2004, $2281 in 2005, $529,188 in 2006 and $208,612 in 2008 (www.dowagro.com/soil/products/tobacco/economic.htm). In Malaysia, the effect of nematode on tobacco yield reduction has not been fully understand or revealed. Therefore, the objectives of this project were: To observe the effect of nematode on tobacco. To observe the relationship of soil physical properties on nematode population density and disease severity. 2.0 Literature review 2.1 Tobacco Tobacco was one of the most important non- food crop and widely grown commercially (Akerhust, 1981). This plant originated came from South America (Tso, 1972). However according to Gerstel (1961), Nicotina tabacum not occurring in wild state it was amphidiploids which come from hybridization of Nicotina sylvestris and Nicotina tomentosiformis. This plant has a high economic value and has been widely demanded throughout the world for the usage of the nicotine such as cigarettes, cigars and other tobacco product (Akerhust, 1981). This plant also important for the research purposes (Tso, 1972). Many researches have been done by using this plant mostly in Plant physiology and Genetics (Bateman Millar, 1966; Albersheim et. al., 1969; Kosuge, 1969). In Malaysia, Tobacco was first introduced in year 1959 by Malayan Tobacco Company (now known as Malaysia Tobacco Company, MTC) in Kelantan cultivation area for 8 hectares (Anon., 1976). Nowadays, in Malaysia, Tobacco industry has been very crucial in uplifting the socio-economic status of farmer in Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah and Perlis. There were 20,524 farm families, 355 tobacco curers, 1300 grower and 25384 station workers. This industry generated about 150 million in income per year. 38% of the income goes to the farmers and 18% to the curers (Ministry of primary industry, 2010). This plant can give a stable income and therefore can increase the income of farmer (Wells, 1987). Tobacco is cultivated as a rotation with the paddy for a side income (Anon, 1981). However, product and quality of tobacco leaf are quite low due to encountering many problems, including diseases. For Tobacco cultivation, a deep and well drained soil is needed. This is where nematodes problem develop rapid ly (Luc, Sikora et al. 2005). 2.2 Nematodes related with the Tobacco Plant parasitic nematode can be found wherever tobacco is grown. The severity of the damage they caused may depended on climate and soil type (Luc, Sikora et al. 2005). Many tobacco producing countries are near or within the inter-tropical zone. The dominant nematodes that parasitize tobacco plant were Meloidogyne spp. (a root-knot nematode). Most of important species from this genus were M.arenaria, M.incognita, M.javanica, and M.hapla. M.incognita and M.javanica were important species in Malaysia. Other Meloidogyne spp., were rarely reported. Similarly, Pratylenchus spp. were also dominant species that parasitize tobacco plant (Kimpinski and Thompson 1990). Apart from Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus spp., Tylenchorhynchus spp., Globodera spp., Ditylenchus dipsaci and Aphelenchus ritzemabosi were reported to parasitized tobacco plant in certain restricted area. Other nematodes such as Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchus, Scutellonema, Rotylenchulus sp., Tetylenchus and Crinomella sp. hav e been found to infect tobacco plant but not normally associated with losses. Some nematode species such as Xiphinema, Longidorus, Trichodorus, and Paratrichodorus have been reported to transmit viruse to tobacco (Luc, Sikora et al. 2005). Nematodes also may cause disease complex. For example Meloidogyne spp. a root-knot nematodes has been proved to increase the incident of Fusarium wilt even when their population were incapable to cause direct damage to the tobacco plant (Webster, 1972). Another example was interaction between Pratylenchus brachyurus (lesion nematode) and Phyptopthora parasitica var. nicotianae (cause black shank disease). Inagaki and Powell (1969) found that P. brachyurus caused more severe and rapid diseased development of black shank symptom than when the fungus alone. 2.3 Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. 2.3.1 Distribution Meloidogyne spp. are always important parasites in tobacco cultivation, wherever the climate favours them (Nusbaum, 1960; Daulton, 1964; Barker et al., 1981; Rich et al., 1982). There were 61 species and two subspecies in this genus at the end of 1988 (Eisenback, 1985; Eisenback Hirschmann, 1991). Nowadays until year 2000 there were 80 species have been describing (Carneiro et al., 2000). Parasitism of Meloidogyne spp. was first reported by Tisdale (1922) in Florida. This genus was also a serious pest in Southern Africa in the late 1920s (Jack, 1927; NaudÑ?, 1929). Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica were mostly found parasitize the tobacco plant. Their infection was very relying on the climate, since M.javanica had a higher tolerance towards drought and high temperature compared with M.incognita (Daulton Nusbaum, 1969, 1962; Taylor et al., 1982). Meloidogyne arenaria and M.hapla were the next mostly found to cause infection on tobacco plant. Meloidogyne hapla was reported to be found in the cooler parts of the world. Report from fields survey in Florida showed M.javanica was found in 65% of fields survey area, M.incognita 33% and M.arenaria was rarely found (Rich Garcia, 1985). Report from North Carolina showed M.arenaria population had increased gradually although M.incognita was the predominant species there. This observation also showed the same in South Carolina (Fortnum et al., 1984; Schmitt Barker, 1988). Apart from that, M.javanica and M.hapla was reported to be found in North Carolina. Reported showed that there were 64% of M.incognita and 29% of M.javanica to be found in Philippines (Madamba, 1981). Meloidogyne incognitagraham, M.microcephala, M.mayaguensis, M.cruciani, M.enterolobii, M.ethiopica, M.platani, M. themesi were also reported to parasitize reproduce tobacco plant but their importance was very restricted (Cliff hirschmann, 1984; Jepson, 1987; Rammah 1988; Rammah and Hirshmann, 1988). 2.3.2 General morphology The morphology of this genus were almost all same the except for some characteristic which usually were very useful for species identification. They were usually sexually dimorphic. Adult female have swollen, saccate bodies (pear shape like body). The size of female ranged in median length 0.44-1.30 mm and width about 0.33-0.70 mm (Eisenback, 1985). They have protrudes neck anteriorly while vulva and anus were located terminally. The female of this genus have pearly white body with moderately thick cuticle. Stylet were short, moderately sclerotized and protrusibly hollow. The stylet size was 10-24ÂÂ µm in length which consists of cone, shaft and knobs. The morphology of the stylet was quite varying between species in this genus. The morphology of stylet should be one of the supplemental characteristic to be observed for species identification. The stylet functions like hypodermic needle which was moved by protractor muscles. The shaped of the cone, shaft, and knobs also differ a mong female species in this genus. At the posterior of stylet knobs, there was dorsal esophageal gland orifices (DEGO). DEGO was the two sub ventral gland orifices open into the esophagus lumen. DEGO had a varied distance among species which also can be supplemental character for species identification. The excretory pore of the Meloidogyne spp. female situated anterior to median bulb valve plat and usually near stylet base. They also have two convoluted genital tracts. The major part of the total body content consists of two gonads which were very long and greatly convoluted. There were ovary with germinal zone and growth zone, narrow oviduct, globular spermatotheca and long uterus in each gonad. Spermatotheca were differing among species. Therefore this character can also be use for species identification. Apart from that, the cuticle in the perineal region of female from this genus forming a finger print-like pattern (the perineal pattern) which also had been use for species iden tification. This is because, the perineal pattern hold most characteristic of female such as tail terminus, phasmids, lateral lines, anus, and vulva which surrounded by cuticular striae or folds. They also have six large unicellular rectal glands situated in the posterior body region. These rectal glands were connected to the rectum. This gland produce very large amount of gelatinous matrix material. This material was excreted through the rectum and act as protective egg sac (Nickle, 1991). Different with the female, male of Meloidogyne sp. are vermiform. The size of the body vary between species which are about 700-2,000 ÂÂ µm (Eisenback, 1985). This is because the varying environmental condition existing during their development. Body of the male usually twisted through 180ÃÅ'Ã…   upon heat relaxation. The male stylet vary in size which are about 13-30 ÂÂ µm. The stylet and head of male from this genus are robust. Apart from that, size and shape of the stylet cone, shaft, and knobs can be use for species identification (Eisenback and Hirschmann, 1981). The location of DEGO is 2-13 ÂÂ µm posterior to the stylet knob base. The isthmus is short and most of the species have ventrally two overlapping gland lobe instead of normally three esophageal nuclei. The hemizonid located at the front to excretory pore. However some species the hemizonid located at the posterior of excretory pore. In normal male there is only one gonad while in sex-reversed males have two gonads. There is long vas deferens packed with developing sperm in the gonad. Among the species, the size of the spicules range from 19 to 40 ÂÂ µm. The spicules usually robust and the bursa are absent. Tail is short (hemispherical shape). There is also variation of tail shape between species (Nickle, 1991). A second stage juvenile was the infective stage of Meloidogyne sp. It has varied body length from 290 to 912ÂÂ µm (Eisenback, 1985). The head of second stage juvenile basically just same with the male. It has a delicate stylet with 8 to 18ÂÂ µm in length. The DEGO distance are varied among species with the distance mostly 2 to 8ÂÂ µm. The esophagus of the second stage juvenile is narrow with faintly outline procorpus. The median bulb is well defined. Median bulb has a large valve plate and three long ventrally overlapping glands that are use for molting and feeding. The second stage juvenile has a varied position of excretory pore. The hemizoid located posteriorly to the pore. The tail length of second stage juvenile varied among species. Usually the length is 15 to 100ÂÂ µm. At the end of the tail there is hyaline terminus. In this genus, second stage juveniles are group base on the tail length and tail shape (Whitehead, 1968; Jepson, 1984). Jepson (1987) showed that differences in either mean tail and or mean hyaline terminus are very large. These vast differences can be very useful to distinguish species within groups (Nickle, 1991). 2.3.3 Life cycle Meloidogyne sp. shows sexually dimorphism, which is the female are pyriform or saccate, while the males vermiform (Eisenback, 1987). The differences in body shaped between female and male occurred during the postembryonic development of Meloidogyne sp.. From the embryonic development, the egg hatched once to become first-stage juvenile and then molted as a second stage juvenile. The second-stage juvenile was infective stage. It moved into the soil and entered the root of suitable host plant. This second-stage juvenile then formed host-parasites relationship with the plant when it find preferred feeding site. The morphology of second-stage juvenile changed to flask-shape as it feeds on the special nurse cell. Then, without further feeding it molted three times into the third and fourth stage juvenile, and finally become an adult. The saccate adult female resumed feeding on the special nurse cell shortly after the last molt and continued to do so for the remainder of her life. The repr oductive system of both female and male of this genus developed into functional gonads during the postembryonic development (Triantaphyllou and Hirschmann, 1960). From the number of the gonad, we can differentiate the sexes. Females always have two gonads while males usually have one. During fourth-stage juvenile, the shape of saccate male juvenile changed to the vermiform adult males. The metamorphosis occurred in which the body elongates from saccate to a vermiform shape. Fully developed male emerges after the final molt of enclosed fourth-stage male which enclosed within the cuticles of second-stage and third-stage. The adult male leaved the root and move freely through the soil and it does not feed. The mode of reproduction determined the function of the male for mating. Depending on particular species reproduction whether amphimixis or parthenogenesis, the male enters the root searching for the female to mate or just remain in the soil and die. Temperature plays a vital role fo r the length of the life cyle. For example, the first adult female of M.incognita on Tomato appear 13-15 days after root penetration at temperature approximately 29 ÃÅ'Ã…  C, the female laid the first egg about 19-21 days after penetration (Triantaphyllou and Hirschmann,1960). The life span of female is much longer than the male from 2 to 3 month. 2.3.4 Effect of Meloidogyne spp. on Tobacco plant Meloidogyne sp. caused formation of galls on Tobacco root. Usually, second stages juvenile entered via behind the root cap which involves mechanical penetration by using stylet (Linford, 1942). According to Bird et.al, (1975), the penetration also involve some enzymatic action (cellulolytic or pectolytic) which secreted by esophageal gland. Then, the second-stage juvenile moved through the cortex to the region of cell differentiation. This differentiation cell was the feeding site for them which later transformed into highly specialized feeding cells called giant cells. This cell was the permanent feeding site for them (Hussey at al., 1994). According to Dropkin (1972) and Hussey (1987), the multinucleate giant cell was the result of the introduction of secretion produced by subventral esophageal gland cells of the feeding second stage juvenile. Giant cells serve as sourced of food. The nutrient from giant cells was transferred to the nematode (Jones and Northcote, 1972). According t o McClure (1977) these cells act as metabolic sink. These giant cells affected the function of the root as it caused extensive distortion and blocked of the vascular tissue which slowed water and nutrient transport. Therefore, the absorption of nutrient and water greatly reduced. Plant growth and yield may be suppressed as photosynthates were mobilized to the giant cells. Above- ground symptoms showed chlorosis of foliage and temporary wilting (premature wilting) when water stress occurred usually during drought or sunny day. Plant was stunted and the leaves were yellow and thin. The formation of gall was due to the root tissues around nematode and giant cells undergo hyperplasia and hyperthrophy. The worse was when secondary larval invasion occurred which caused the gall to coalesce and finally the root begins to decay (Nickle, 1991). Nematode also had the ability to form disease complex with other plant pathogens. The giant cell produced by root-knot nematode was highly suitable f or development of Fusarium wilt ( Porter and Powell, 1967). 2.4 Root lesion, Pratylenchus spp. 2.4.1 Distribution Pratylenchus spp. is migratory endoparasites root-lesion nematodes. This genus was just slightly less economic important compare with Meloidogyne spp. in the tropical and subtropical regions. However, some species from this genus were responsible for significant yield loss in some tobacco cultivation area. Pratylenchus pratensis, P.negletus, P.brachyurus and P.zae have been reported to parasitized tobacco in North America while in South Africa P.hexincisus, P.thornei, P.vulnus, P.brachyurus, P.minyus, and P.zae have recorded on tobacco (Milne, 1961; Honey, 1967). In Hungary, P.pratensis had been reported to parasitize tobacco cultivation. Pratylenchus penetrans was responsible to cause yield loss in Iraq. In some region in Canada, P.penetrans, P.crenatus, and P.neglectus were mostly found in tobacco fields (Mountain, 1954; Kimpinski et. al., 1976). Canter-Vissher (1969) had found Pratylenchus penetrans in New Zealand while Singh (1974) has found Pratylenchus zae in Trinidad. In gener al Pratylenchus brachyurus and P.zae are mostly found in tropical areas while P.penetrans, P.thornei, and P.minyus are common species in temperate regions (Webster, 1972). In Malaysia, this Pratylenchus sp. was locally important. However their distribution were not clearly report (Luc, Sikora et al. 2005). 2.4.2 General morphology In general the morphology of species in this genus was very similar. There was no marked sexually dimorphism in form of anterior region. Adults have body length range from 0.3 to 0.9 mm. Their body was rather stout. Because increasing of uterus volume and the presence of eggs, the gravid females were stouter than nongravid ones. The cuticle of this genus generally thin and shows fine transverse striation. There were four longitudal lines marking the lateral field. However, additional longitudal line may be present in the central zone. Because of cuticle of gravid female were quite stretch, the lateral field was indistinct. The head of this genus was low and flattened with lip region divided into two,three, or four annules. This annules was continuous with the body countour. Cephalic framework of Pratylenchus sp. was heavily sclerotized. The apical anule among most species were round except for P.brachyurus which was angular. There were three types of head structure that can be found under SEM (Corbett and Clark, 1983). The stylet of Pratylenchus sp. were quite short around 11-25 ÂÂ µm. The stylet was stout with well-developed basal knobs. There was tapering procorpus in the pharynx which was usually roundish median bulb. The isthmus was short which overlapped with the anterior end of the mid-intestine on the ventral side. There were three unicellular glands in the lobe. The length of the ventrosublateral was unequal (Seinhorst, 1971). At 2-4 ÂÂ µm behind the stylet base, there was orifice of the dorsal pharyngeal gland duct. There was no deirids in this genus. The oesophagus of both male and female was equally developed. The tail of male was short and dorsally convex-conoid. Female of Pratylenchus spp. are monoprodelph. The genital branch of most species in this genus occurred as a short sac which usually undifferentiated. The uterus of female often tricolumellar (Nickle, 1991). Different with male, female tail usually two to three anal body diameter long. The bisexual species in this genus, have oval or round spermatheca which was filled with sperm (Luc, Sikora et al. 2005). 2.4.3 Life cycle Some species in this genus reproduced sexually while most of them parthenogenetic. This migratory endoparasitic root lesion nematode fed and laid eggs in the root cortex. Most of them can be found in roots, rhizomes, or tubers and somehow can also be found in stem or fruits. Usually after penetrate the root; this endoparasitic nematode will multiply to very large numbers (10,000-35,000 specimens per 10 g of root). All the stage starting from second stage juvenile entered the root. However with unknown reason, they moved in the soil for some time and goes for a new host root. The female laid the eggs in the root and starting from there their whole life cycle is in that root. Usually, the life cycle was completed in 50-60 days (Nickle, 1991). 2.4.4 Effect of Pratylenchus sp. on Tobacco plant Pratylenchus sp. usually moved and fed on the root cortex. This activity caused disintegration of root cortex and leading to browning of the root tissue. This was known as brown root rot (Mountain, 1954). Symptoms of this disease were pruning-root, water soaked, and lesion on the root. If the infection occurred under aseptic conditions the symptoms showed less severe in the certain experimental condition (Mountain, 1954). The above ground symptoms showed that the stunted plant wilt prematurely and in worse condition died. Inagaki and Powell (1969) reported that this genus caused disease complex with the other plant pathogens. Pratylenchus.brachyurus showed to increase infection of Blackshank by wounding the root which served as entry site. 3.0 Material and method: 3.1 Soil sample: 24 soil samples were collected from Terengganu, Perlis and Kelantan state. Collected soil sample were naturally infested with nematodes and Fusarium spp. Soil samples were store in polyethylene bags. Soil sample were kept in moist condition and out of direct sunlight. 3.2 Tobacco seedling preparation: Sterilized seeds were sown to sterile sandy soil. (River sand). After sown, seedlings were kept out of direct sunlight. Fertilizer applied for twice a week via foliar application. After 30 days of nursery tobacco seedlings were transferred to each soil. 3.3 Inoculation of tobacco seedlings: 6 kg of soil samples (naturally infested) were transferred into plastic container (33x22x10 cm) with drains. Then, 30 days of healthy Tobacco seedlings were transferred to each soil container. Each soil samples were planted with 10 Tobacco seedlings. Fertilizer was applied twice a week via foliar application. Ground symptoms were observed everyday. Tobacco plants were all harvested after 6 weeks. 3.4 Plant observation: Harvested Tobacco plants were observed for the disease symptoms, size of the plant, number of leaf, leaf area, plant weight and disease severity index. Wet weight of Tobacco was measured by using a weigher. Plant size was determined by using ruler. Size of the plant was measured from crown up until shoots. Number of leaf was counted including the number of undeveloped leaf. Root gall disease severity index was determined by using following scale: 0= no root galls 1= 1-25% root galls 2= 26-50% root galls 3= 51-75% root galls 4= 75-100% root galls Disease severity index for root lesion was determined by using following index: 0= no root lesion 1= 1-25% root lesions 2= 26-50% root lesions 3= 51-75% root lesions 4= 75-100% root lesions Root then was stored in the FAA (Formaldehyde 100ml, Glacial acetic acid 50ml, Distilled water 850ml) suspension. 3.5 Isolation of nematode from soil samples: Isolation of nematode and soil inhabiting forms were extracted from soil samples by using Modified Baerman Funnel Technique (Hooper,1968; Viglierchio and Schmitt,1983).This was the simplest technique to isolate nematode and soil inhabiting forms. By using this technique we can avoid lack of oxygen and possibility of nematode lodging on the sloping funnel sides due to instead of using funnel we used a shallow dish. For this experiment instead of funnel a round shallow plastic container was used. A supporting gauze was put onto the plastic container with 0.5cm space between them. A milk filter paper with 50cc soil was put on the supporting gauze. Distilled water was added until the material was almost awash. After 5 days, the content of the dish was transfer into test tube. FAA was added to prevent population changes during storage. 3.6 Nematode counting: Nematode suspension collected via Modified Baerman Funnel was shaked. Then, 1ml was taken and transfer onto disposable plastic Petri dish. The number of all nematodes and parasitic nematodes were counted under a dissecting microscope by 5x to 10x magnification. Counting was repeated for three times. Percentage of parasitic nematodes was calculated. 3.7 Isolation of nematode from root: Nematode from root part was isolated by direct isolation. For root-knot nematodes especially female, the root tissue was carefully tease away with forceps and a fine needle to release the head and neck. Infected plant part was put onto slide and squash to check for the existence of nematode. The nematode then was stain with Phyloxine 1%. 3.8 Isolation of Fusarium spp. The root part was washed with running tap water to eliminate remaining soil particle. Then, the root was cut including healthy part (0.5cm). After that, the pieces of root were dipped in 70% ethanol for 1 minute. Then, the pieces were transferred into 5% sodium Hypochlorite solution to sterilize its surface for 3 to 5 minutes. The pieces then were transferred to sterilized distill water to rinse the pieces for 3 times each for 1 minute. After that, the plant pieces was put on sterile filter paper to eliminate excess water and then, were put on the acidified water agar medium. Finally, the dishes were sealed with parafilm and were incubated for a few days. Growing colonies were observed. 3.9 Soil pH: The soil pH was determined using a soil suspension (Rowell, 1994). 10 ÂÂ ± 0.1 gram of air dry soil sample was used in this experiment. 25 ml of water was added to the soil sample. Then, soil suspension was shacked occasionally by hand over 15 minutes period. The pH meter was calibrated at pH 4 and then pH 7 consistent reading. The soil suspensions were stirred and insert the electrodes. The pH was recorded after 30 second. 3.10 Soil moisture percentage: The water content of soils was determined by drying soil samples at 105 ÃÅ'Ã…  c (Rowell, 1994). For this experiment, soil samples were air dry for two days. Then, weight air dry soil samples for 10ÂÂ ±0.1 gram (W1). Instead of using a moisture can, aluminums foil was used. The aluminum foil was weighed (Wo). Then, weighed soil samples were put on the aluminum foil and placed them in an oven at 105 ÃÅ'Ã…  C for 24 hour. The weigh of soil sample with aluminum foil was weighed (W2). To calculate the weight of soil samples after oven dry the following formulae was applied: Weight oven dry soil (W3) = (W1+Wo)-W2 To calculate moisture percentage of soil samples, the following formulae was use: Moisture percentage (%) = W3/ (W2-Wo) x 100 3.11 Soil particle density: Determination of soil particle density involves the measurement of the volume of a known mass of particles. The soil is dispersed in water and all the air is expelled from the suspension. In a known volume of suspension the volume occupied by the particles is then found (Rowell, 1994). A clean and dry 50ml volumetric flask including stopper was weigh (Wo). Ten grams of oven dry soil samples were added into the volumetric flask. The volumetric flask was filled with distilled water until one-half full. The volumetric flask (without stopper) then was put in boiling water heating with a water bath for 30 minutes and gently agitated the content to prevent loss of soil by foaming. The volumetric flask and its content then cooled to room temperature. Distilled water was added up to the 50 ml mark. Water drop on the outer-side of the volumetric flask was wiped, insert the stopper and weighed (W2). The soil particle density was determined by using the following formulae: Soil particle density (Dp) = Soil mass/Particle volume Particle volume = Conical flask volume volume of water in flask Volume of water in flask = mass of suspension -mass of soil Mass of suspension = W2-W0 3.12 Soil texture analysis: Texture of soil samples were determined by using Hydrometer method (Bouyoucos, 1962; Page, 1982). Then, texture of soil samples determined by referring to USDA Textural triangle after calculation of the percentage of each particle (Brady, 1984). For this experiment, 50g of soil samples were placed into 600 ml beaker. Then, 100 ml of 6% hydrogen peroxide was added to decompose the organic matter. The mixture was kept remaining at room temperature overnight. After that, the beaker was placed on a hot plate at 90 ÃÅ'Ã…   C for 10 minutes. Then, 50ml of 1N Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (dispersing agent) was added to the suspension and increase the volume to 400 ml with distilled water. The suspension was left for 20 minutes. Then, beaker was placed on a stirrer and stirred thoroughly for 10 minutes. The suspension was transferred to 1000 ml measuring cylinder. Then, distilled water was added to 1000 ml mark. Suspension was allowed to equilibrate thermally and the temperature was recorded. Mo uth of the measuring cylinder was covered with a parafilm and inverted for several times until the contents are thoroughly mixed. Mixture was left in a cool, shaded place. Then, the hydrometer was immediately into the suspension and reading was taken after 40 seconds until consistent reading. Hydrometer was removed and cleaned. The temperature of the suspension was recorded with thermometer. The thermometer was removed and remixes the suspension. Then, let the cylinder sit for 2 hours. At exactly 2 hours later, the hydrometer was again placed into the suspension and data was read. The temperature of the suspension was also seconded with thermometer. The actual reading must be corrected in order to get revised value depending upon the actual temperature. a. Add 0.36 g/L to hydrometer reading for each degree >20 ÃÅ'Ã…  C b. Subtract 0.36 g/L from hydrometer reading for each c. Density reading should also be corrected from the density of the dispensing solution (NaOH+ distilled water) without soil. These reading are must be subtract with the soil solution density reading. Finally, after calculating the percentage of each particle, use the USDA Textural triangle to determine the textural class of soil samples. Readings from specific gravity hydrometer was converted to soil g/l by using converting table (http://classic.globe.gov/fsl/html/templ.cgi?conversionlang=ar). Table 3.1 Hydrometer converting table Specific Gravity Grams Soil/L Specific Gravity Grams Soil/L Specific Gravity Grams Soil/L 1.0024 0.0 1.0136 18.0 1.0247

The Internet Essay -- Computer Science

The Internet Basic Internet The internet is a system that allows you to play, listen, read, send, receive and download files. The internet is so easy to use and as I have broadband this encourages me to use the internet because I can always rely on it being fast and good quality. Many people use the internet as a means of keeping in touch; E-Mail is great because you can write to people who may be over the other side of the world. You don’t even have to leave the comfort of your own home to do this. One of the greatest things about the internet is the search engines. You type in what you are looking for it will come up with a list of websites which will help you with what you want to find. How the internet works The internet is made up of networks (big and small). Networks are a group of computers that are interconnected by telephone wires (or other means) allowing the computers to share info with each other. Every network has a backbones; backbones, better known as routers, What is incredible about this process is that a message can leave one computer and travel halfway across the world through several different networks and arrive at another computer in a fraction of a second! The routers determine where to send information from one computer to another. Routers are specialized computers that send your messages and those of every other Internet user speeding to their destinations along thousands of pathways. A router has two separate, but rel...

Observations on Emersons Self-Reliance :: Emersons Self Reliance Essays

Observations on Self-Reliance "Nothing can bring you peace but yourself. Nothing can bring you peace but the triumph of principles ." This quotation forms the closing two lines of Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Self Reliance". I am greatly enlightened by his ideas in this article. "Trust thyself" was his advice and many Americans listened. They not only listened in Emerson's lifetime, but his individualistic concepts have reverberated up to the present time. After reading the ideas expressed in "Self-Reliance", I have come to believe that self-reliance is the most important factor in my life. Emerson believes that a man should not be what he is not. "There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide." If a man is envious of other people, he will ignore all merits of himself. If a man imitates other people, he will lose his identity - like suicide. It is common to find a woman like me envious of other people. I am jealous if a girl in the class is more beautiful than I. I am jealous if a classmate gets a higher score on tests. I am jealous if my neighbor has a better car. But as I always find out, when I praise the girl, people will say "you are beautiful, too"; when I praise the classmate, people will say "remember you got a higher score last time"; when I praise the car of the neighbor, people will say "he spent money that he did not have". There is always a "the better side" of myself, which I cannot see because it is hindered by my own jealousy. Imitation is the result of jealousy. When I was in high school, I tried to imitate a girl in my class because I thought she was pretty cool. I bought the same dress, the same shoes, had the same hair style, and tried to act the same way. After one month, I was considered the least cool person in the class. I did not get what I wanted, but instead, lost what I had already had. I was born in a Christian Chinese family in Beijing, China. Under the strict rules of my mother, I began learning piano and Kung-fu when I was six, and many other things other children did not learn. From then on, I was always told to be the best, and I always thought I was the best. Observations on Emerson's Self-Reliance :: Emerson's Self Reliance Essays Observations on Self-Reliance "Nothing can bring you peace but yourself. Nothing can bring you peace but the triumph of principles ." This quotation forms the closing two lines of Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Self Reliance". I am greatly enlightened by his ideas in this article. "Trust thyself" was his advice and many Americans listened. They not only listened in Emerson's lifetime, but his individualistic concepts have reverberated up to the present time. After reading the ideas expressed in "Self-Reliance", I have come to believe that self-reliance is the most important factor in my life. Emerson believes that a man should not be what he is not. "There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide." If a man is envious of other people, he will ignore all merits of himself. If a man imitates other people, he will lose his identity - like suicide. It is common to find a woman like me envious of other people. I am jealous if a girl in the class is more beautiful than I. I am jealous if a classmate gets a higher score on tests. I am jealous if my neighbor has a better car. But as I always find out, when I praise the girl, people will say "you are beautiful, too"; when I praise the classmate, people will say "remember you got a higher score last time"; when I praise the car of the neighbor, people will say "he spent money that he did not have". There is always a "the better side" of myself, which I cannot see because it is hindered by my own jealousy. Imitation is the result of jealousy. When I was in high school, I tried to imitate a girl in my class because I thought she was pretty cool. I bought the same dress, the same shoes, had the same hair style, and tried to act the same way. After one month, I was considered the least cool person in the class. I did not get what I wanted, but instead, lost what I had already had. I was born in a Christian Chinese family in Beijing, China. Under the strict rules of my mother, I began learning piano and Kung-fu when I was six, and many other things other children did not learn. From then on, I was always told to be the best, and I always thought I was the best.

Training plan for employees

Recruitment, selection, training and evaluating employees Section A I have been hired by Laurent Bank of Canada, as a consultant to assist in hiring employees for the Commercial Banking Branch located In Montreal, Quebec. Laurent Bank Is a Quebec regional bank that has been In operation since 1846 and their head office Is located In downtown Montreal. The bank offers retail and commercial financial services. I will be consulting for the hilling of employees working at a new commercial branch located next to Concordia University, in Montreal.These employees will be working as Commercial Account Managers in the banking industry. The Laurent Bank Commercial Banking sector offers different types of loans for small business owners such as Credit Lines, Term Loans and Business VISAS. The Bank makes a profit by collecting the interest they have charged on each of their loans. The Bank is looking to hire 3 employees who have had previous experience working in the banking Industry as well as an educational background in Finance or Accounting, preferably at a University level (I. E. Bachelor's Degree).The newly hired employees will be responsible for managing a portfolio of existing business clients. They will also be required to bring In new clients to the Bank. Section B I will conduct the following job analysis to obtain Information on the skills, knowledge and ablest required for the Job: Identify and Isolate the component tasks Involved Examine how the tasks are performed Identify the main areas of responsibility Identify the working conditions I will use the 3 following methods to gather data from existing employees or sources to conduct my Job analysis: 1 .Interviewing existing Account Managers: I would meet with a few current employees working in Commercial Banking and ask them specific questions about their Job. 2. Perform an online search: I would search inline on Commercial Account Managers in order to gain knowledge on the field and specific requirements. 3. I would obtain access to the weekly activity logs: All Account Managers are required to submit a weekly actively log to their superiors. This log contains detailed Information on the work that was done during the week.Job Description: The Account Manager is responsible for structuring credits and addressing perceived risk. This includes completing necessary due diligence, establishing pricing and terms of credit, and also producing ongoing credit reviews and risk ratings that fleet knowledge of Bank policies and procedures. With respect to business development The Account Manager continually develops and broadens relationships with existing customers by cross-selling relevant and value added financial products and services. It is also a priority to build new relationships through referrals from customers and other sources.Section C I will recruit prospective employees by posting the Job description on Social Networking sites such as Linked and Faceable. I will also use job search we bsites also post the available position in the careers section of the corporate website of Laurent Bank. Social Networking sites are good way to attract Job seekers since almost everyone use Linked and Faceable. The majority of the population is using a smart phone nowadays with these applications already installed. Faceable would help me do a background check on applicants by having access to their network of friends, activities and hobbies.It would not, however give me much information on their education, skills or work experience. Linked is a more useful application for recruiters because its main use is to connect professionals through their work experience. Linked is an excellent calibration tool to help me assess the depth of the potential talent pool. The following 3 selections techniques will be used: I will compare the credentials from each candidate's profile or posted resume; I will personally message those who I have selected and inform them on my decision to pursue an i nterview; I will also perform background reference checks on the candidates.Comparing profiles between candidates will enable me to narrow down my search; however there is the possibility that I choose one candidate over another strictly based on the presentation of their online profile or resume. Sending a personal message to chosen candidates is good ways of letting the applicant know that we are interested. However, this method can also backfire when the applicant refuses to respond to the message in a timely manner, resulting in wastage of time. Background checks are always a good source for gaining insight on the applicant's past work experience.However, it is important to make sure you are speaking with the right person. It is not always easy to contact a candidate's previous boss due to availability. Old Boss' are not always eager to take the time out and speak about a past employee. Section D Once hired, the employees' performance will be evaluated on a weekly basis. The Men tor or personal in charge of training the employee will be required to fill out a performance form. The form will contain several sections about the different tasks required for the role of an Account Manager.The Mentor will grade each section with the following: A (achieved), F (failed), AN (non-applicable) and IP (in progress). This weekly evaluation will serve as an indicator of the employee's progress. It will also clearly indicate the areas where the employee needs improvement. The following training methods will be used: 1 . Job Shadowing with an existing Account Manager. This will enable the new employee to gain insight on the day-to-day activities of an account manager. It will also give the employee to ask questions on specific tasks.However, it can slow down the efficiency of Account Managers if they spend too much time answering questions. 2. Helping Account Managers with their portfolios. This will be both beneficial to the new and existing employees. New employees will gain experience by analyzing credit applications and financial statements. While the existing Account Manager will have more time work on other tasks and duties. However, the work submitted by the new employees will have to be revised by the Account Manager before submission. Section E The following 3 training programs will be used: 1 .Moody Analytics Account Manager. New employees will be required to complete the Commercial Lending program that involves online lessons on the specific skills needed for this role. Financial statement analysis, risk management and business development are the three topics covered in the lessons. After every lesson, employees are required to complete an examination testing their skills learned. The scores from these exams ill be sent directly to the Mentor. This will teach the employee on the three most important skills needed for an Account Manager.However, employees must be trusted to not consult other employees when answering the exam questions. 2. Financial Statement Analysis New employees will be given financial statements from new and existing clients to analyze. They will be required to calculate key ratios in order to determine the performance of the company in the current and past year. Financial statement analysis is a skill that must be mastered in order to be a successful Account Manager ND this is a good way to practice. The employee, however, might feel discouraged at first since all financial statements are different and can be very confusing at first. . Case Discussion New employees will be given the opportunity to discuss the risk associated with lending to the clients they have analyzed through financial statement analysis and job shadowing with an Account Manager. This will give a chance to new employees to express themselves and share their ideas. Some new employees, however, might feel too intimidated or shy to fully express their opinion. PART 2: Company Culture Section F I will advise leaders to help employ ees reach personal and organizational goals by pointing out the paths they should follow and by providing them with the means to do so.They would need to show concern and support for subordinates. The leader should use a transactional leadership style, where they can clearly identify the needs of their followers and give rewards in exchange for performance. They can set goals and expectations, reward effort and provide feedback. Section G Commercial Account Managers often work out of the office, visiting clients, checking out loan applications, and soliciting new business. Account Managers may be required to travel if a client is out of town, or to work evenings if that is the only time at which a client can meet.Employees in this role have the flexibility to work from home as well. Normal business banking hours are Monday to Friday from mamma to pm. An Account Manager manages his/her portfolio; therefore they usually manage least 37. 5 hours per week. Employees will be eligible for 4 weeks of vacation annually, however weeks must be reserved in advance to avoid too much vacancy at once. The office will be well located in central downtown Montreal. This will give employees the opportunity to take public transportation instead of driving their vehicles. It will also enable Account Managers to easily penetrate the commercial market.The office building will be connected to an underground metro station, which will facilitate travel during winter. All account managers will be provided with their own work space in the form of an open concept cubicle. This will encourage teamwork and also enable employees to interact with each other more frequently. There will be private rooms that can be reserved for client meetings. Upper Management will have private closed offices. There will also be a board room for meetings and presentations. The thermostat will be electronically adjusted to provide ideal temperatures for winter and summer.The lighting will be sufficient for des k work and each workstation will have its own computer, printer and telephone. There will also be a cafeteria open to all employees with a fridge and microwave. This will encourage employees to interact during lunch hour. I would be aware of the following psychological and social concerns: Job Autonomy and Harassment. I would assess the degree of satisfaction an employee has with their current role because it will be reflected in their reference. If the employee is not fully satisfied, they will feel exhausted with their role and eventually would not care to perform.This could eventually lead to the employee leaving their Job. Harassment is very serious and must be handled severely. Employees who face harassment might be too intimidated to report it. If it is not handled immediately, it can lead to serious lawsuits towards the organization. The policies on harassment will be clearly explained to all employees upon Joining the organization. Section H Stress in the workplace often coi ncides with the following behaviors in employees: rower productivity, reduced motivation, increased errors, and increased turnover.The role of an Account Manager often results in the following stresses: Role Overload. Employees feel there are too many tasks in too short time period. I would attempt to minimize stress using the following 3 programs: Improve communication 0 Share information with employees to reduce uncertainty about their Jobs and futures. Clearly define employees' roles and responsibilities. 0 Make communication friendly and efficient, not mean-spirited or petty. Consult Employees 0 Give workers opportunities to participate in decisions that affect their Jobs. Consult employees about scheduling and work rules. Be sure the workload is suitable to employees' abilities and resources; avoid unrealistic deadlines. 0 Show that individual workers are valued. 0 Offer rewards and incentives. As Employee of the Month. 0 Provide opportunities for career development. 0 Promote an â€Å"entrepreneurial† work climate that gives employees more control over their work. Cultivate a friendly social climate 0 Provide opportunities for social interaction among employees. 0 Establish a zero- tolerance policy for harassment. 0 Make management actions consistent with organizational values.

Important for an organization

Why Is It Important for an organization to undergo this type of transformation? It Is essential for an organization to modernize and change In to the way It does business when business needs change and when the political and social aspects change. Transformation in an organization covers a vast variety of needs and activity, this is generally aimed at improving performance CE and productivity for an organization to survive. This can be achieved in many ways, from growth , innovation, skills development, as well as through downsizing, layoffs and replacement as well as haft in assets resources or market shares.In Moses cases organizations have little chance but to change. As the global world move faster mans faster mans shift unpredictably organizational transformations Is needed and required. Conventional thinking suggest that when there Is a right business structures In place It will provide suffuse cent amount of innovation, and agility for an organization to succeed and sustain. I n most cases the business decisions that were once clear and knowing are becoming more complicated and ambiguous. This leads to skilled individuals with very good track record to fail in c elaboration.They are unable to work together to understand challenges, and form a game plan to resolve them. They continue to be falling back to traditional foundries and turf wars. When collaboration with others and coordinate across supply chain remains elusive. Innovation is stalled mans customer focus is uncoordinated and uneven implementation. Change Is the only constant In the world today. To have a successfully translator or change In an organization It to first engage the people who will help make the change append.Its not change that causes failure but the translation process. Some organizational change is small like a department but others are large that in voles an entire organization. Regardless of the change there will always be resistant to change even if the old way is outside and u nproductive. Transition process has 3 places Letting go of the old Natural zone Embracing new normal Take prattle approach toward the upcoming change. This Is best accomplish by forming a change management ream to help prepare he organization.Inshore, when n organization Is stuck when frustrated executive work hard and long with Limited success, staff at all level are overwhelmed, guarded and cynical that is when employ to successfully manager through this transition? Define roles – managers who initiates the dead of change and points out the need, the managers who coordinates the transition, the managers who rallies the company to get behind the change and the managers responsible for seeing the chase through Identify need-?an organizations change can only happen when the organization feels the change is added.Change in leadership/management/employees bring in new to re-energize Get out side help via consultations and cooperate resources – a team to implement change f rom the old to new The ability to integrate systems collaborate await prairies and coordinate across the supply chain remain elusive. Innovation is hampered and stilled. Customer focused strategies ay uncoordinated and implementation is uneven. Organizational transformation is a process that no existing organization will miss in the organizational life cycle.Digitization that sis not go through transformation have probably ceased to exist because organizations that do not grandson to match with the external environment will onto survive the wave of change forgiven by external environment. Organizational transformation should be viewed as a holistic approach to a radical change which covers the entire context of an organization from ecological to humanist aspect. Every organization has some ability to stretch to adapt to changer, however at times organization are stretch t their limits and will lose the elasticity to spoon to changer.This is the time where transformation needs to tak e place to redesign the organization fro new challenges. Leadership as the criteria of cusses in organization, more so in the time of organization transition. The breaking of organizations culture, the values vision mans mission changes, the leadership changes , organization restructuring or even the organization members' internal value reformation will push an organization beyond its limits and trigger the transformation process. The forces that are external to the organization or beyond he control of the organization or beyond the control of the organization.Some are technologicaladvancement, economy condition, political and social reformation, changes in legal requirement and industry revolution. The factories influencing the success of organization transformation goes hand -in -hand with the internal forces; they are organization strategies, structure, leadership, values, culture and organizations monomers spirit. The success in manipulating these factors stated will help the or ganization successfully transform into a more agile and powerful entity hat is able to withstand both external and internal forces.Every organization operate as a system, either an efficient one or one that is in efficient. Organization transformation was needed because the system in an organization is falling apart, due to its inefficiency. When the system is broken, members of the organization will not be able or see themselves as part of the organization. There is no clarity of their positions and functions in the system. New leaders of the organization need to reestablish the system. The systems thinking before, during and after the